BEHIND THE SCENES

INTRODUCTION
The first movie was made over a 100 years back. It was rudimentary, short, devoid of any audio and basically very dull and boring. Movie technology has improved by heaps and bounds. Movies these days stimulate our minds and take us into a whole new world. I bet not one of you will disagree of how simply fabulous the movie Avatar was thanks to the special effects. It introduced us to a whole new genre of movie making. Let us trace this trajectory and see how we reached this advanced a stage of movie making today.

HISTORY

Here it all began

The Lumire Brothers

Dadasaheb Phalke

In the yr 1892 the Lumire brothers started creating moving pictures The Lumires held their first private screening of projected motion pictures in 1895 in Paris. Their first film was Sortie des Usines Lumire Lyon which means (Workers Leaving the Lumire Factory). Their work in this field spread unbelievably. Then they turned their attentions to color photography and in 1903 they patented a color photography process, the "Autochrome Lumire", launched on the market in 1907.

Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, popularly known as Dadasaheb Phalke (30 April 1870 - 16 February 1944) was an Indian producer-directorscreenwriter, known as the father of Indian cinema. He was the first person to start the concept of movies in India,with this he came up with his first debut film raja harishchandra in 1912 which is known as India's first full-length feature, effectively marking the beginning of the Indian film industry. The Dadasaheb Phalke Award for lifetime contribution to cinema, was instituted in his honor, by Government of India in 1969, and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian Cinema Phalke formed a film company, Hindustan Films .

The Lumire brothers came into picture and invented the first motion picture camera in 1895. He invented cinematograph. In 1895s movies there was no editing n mixing, they were shot films or cinematic techniques. 19th century marked the beginning of silent films but by the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, which were black and white. The next development in this field was the introduction of natural color. Color television had been available in the US since the mid-1950s which gained popularity since then. Then around 1980s and 1990s 3d movies started gaining popularity. In the 20th century animation entered in the field of movie technology which gained and is still gaining lot of appreciation.

MOVIE CAMERA

MOVIE CAMERA
The movie camera is a type of photographic camera which takes a rapid sequence of photographs on strips of film
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The Panavision Genesis

MOVIE CAMERA

The Panavision Genesis

In contrast to a still camera, which captures a single snapshot at a time, the movie camera takes a series of images; "frame"
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Multiple Cameras
Both of the films is projected simultaneously, . either on a single three-image screen (Cinerama) or upon multiple screens forming a complete circle, with gaps between screens through which the projectors illuminate an opposite screen. Convex and concave mirrors are used in cameras as well as mirrors.

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Sound synchronization record CMost film cameras do not

sound internally; instead, the sound is captured separately by a precision audio device (double-system recording). The exceptions to this are the single-system news film cameras, which had either an opticalor later magnetic recording head inside the camera. Double-system cameras are generally categorized as either "sync" or "nonsync."Sync cameras use crystalcontrolled motors that ensure that film is advanced through the camera at a precise speed while Non-sync or

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Standard camera shots using different length lenses

Shot
Extreme long shot

Visual Composition

Use

establishes physical context of action; characters are small in frame; all or shows landscape and architectural major parts of buildings appear exteriors

Long shot

shows a large scale action; shows All or nearly all of the standing person; whole groups of people; displays large large parts of a building architectural details

Medium shot

Character shown from waist up; small groups such as two or three medium-sized architectural details people

Close-up

Head and neck of character; objects focus on one character; about the size of the desktop computer expression very important fill frame

facial

Extreme close-up

The frame filled with just part of a facial features in a character or small character or very small objects objects

 Cinematography can not only depict a moving subject but can use a camera, which represents the audience's viewpoint or perspective, that moves during the course of filming. This movement plays a considerable role in the emotional language of film images and the audience's emotional reaction to the action. Techniques range from the most basic movements of panning, tilting to dollying, craning and combinations of the above.

Camera Movement

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WHAT ARE SPECIAL EFFECTS

Special Effects is both an art and a science. The "science" part involves the complete understanding of how the audio-visual sensory parts of our body and brain perceive the world around us, while the "art" part involves the strategic use of this information to fool the sensory system.

WHY use Special Effects?

Bring dreams, illusions, and fantasies to life. Make movies very entertaining. Make impossible possible like flying on

broomsticks in HARRY POTTER

HISTORY OF SPECIAL EFFECTS

During 1700s magicians utilized many techniques to perform optical illusions to fool audiences and formed the foundations of special effects

Types of Special Effects

Blue matte

Compositing

Use of latex

One of the best special effect Movies

Photorealistic computergenerated characters

ANIMATION

DEFINITION
Animation means: 1. The state of being full of life or vigor; liveliness. 2. The state of being alive.

Animation is a visual technique that provides the illusion of motion by displaying a collection of images in rapid sequence. Each image contains a small change, for example a leg moves slightly, or the wheel of a car turns. When the images are viewed rapidly, your eye fills in the details and the illusion of movement is complete.
When used appropriately in your applications user interface, animation can enhance the user experience while providing a more dynamic look and feel. Moving user interface elements smoothly around the screen, gradually fading them in and out, and creating new custom controls with special visual effects can combine to create a cinematic computing experience for your users.

Animation in cinema is called as

cinemation

FACTS
In 1937, Disney created the first sound and color animated feature film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. In Hollywood today, some of the highest revenue producing movies have been 3D animation films. The latest of them to hit the box-office is the often touted movie Avatar. There have been many other 3D movies that were embraced by the public in a very large way also. There is Toy Story I and II, The Adventures of Nemo, Shark Tale, the Incredibles

FACTS
The Top 5 3D Animated Films and Characters of All Time 1. The Lion King grossed over $312 million 2. Shrek grossed over $267 million 3. Monsters Inc grossed over $255 million 4. Toy Story 2 grossed over $245 million 5. Aladdin grossed over $217 million

PROCESS OF ANIMATION
There are four major parts to make an animation: Development of ideas and story: First of all, there must be an idea to base the animation on. When an idea is developed, the characters and stories are further explored and expanded upon Sketching and Drawings: draw the keyframes of the animation. Keyframes are significant scenes in the story that shows the essential actions that lead to the development of the story Putting it all together: all the cels and pieces of art are compiled together and screened. by scanning the different pages and then put them together to form the movie. At this stage the sound and music of the animation is also recorded to match the pictures perfectly Editing: Finally, the film is now edited carefully and final touches are made to make sure it has the maximum effect.

TYPES OF ANIMATION

TYPES OF ANIMATION
There are many different types of animation that are used in our present day world. The three main ones are 1. Computer animation 2. Stop-motion animation 3. Clay animation The most common type of animation is drawn on cells and is 2-D. Later the 3-D(three-dimensional) animation of clay animation is created. And recently, the most popular type of animation is computer animation.

TYPES OF ANIMATION

Computer Animation In the late 20th century, with the help of computer generated graphics, movies such as the Star Wars Trilogy and the Jurassic Park (directed by George Lucas and Spielberg respectively) have been created. In these two movies, much of the Computer Generated Imaging (CGI) was used to create impressive scenes that would otherwise need to waste much money on building believable models and then filming them. The use of computers also came in where dangerous stunts need to be done.

TYPES OF ANIMATION
Stop-motion animation Stop-motion animation, is simply a way to animate puppets. Essentially, puppets are used and a photograph is taken every time their position is changed slightly to create a fluid-like motion Stop motion animation has a long history in film. It was often used to show objects moving as if by magic. The first instance of the stop motion technique can be seen in The Humpty Dumpty Circus (1897), in which a toy circus of acrobats and animals come to life. The textures achieved with CGI cannot match the way real textures captured by stop motion and this is proved by Tim Burton, in his puppet-animated film Corpse Bride which was released in 2005. Along with movies, stop motion animation is used in many projects such as in children's programming, as well as in commercials and comic shows such as Robot Chicken.

TYPES OF ANIMATION
Clay animation Clay animation is sometimes called 3-D animation because the figures are 3-D on a 3-D set. Clay animation is where you make something out of clay and move it so it is slightly different in every frame and take a picture, a lot like regular animation. Unlike regular animation, in clay animation, instead of drawing a figure in different positions, you make the clay figure it different positions. One of the most popular clay animations we see are from Aardman Animations, such as Wallace and Grommit.

STYLES OF ANIMATION Warner Bros. Walt Disney

Japanese Animation

TECHNIQUES AND APPROACHES USED IN MOVIES

Character animation Chuckimation Multi-sketching Special effects animation Animatronics Stop motion

ANIMATRONICS

Animatronics is the use of mechatronics to create machines which seem animate rather than robotic. Animatronic creations include animals (including dinosaurs), plants and even mythical creatures. A robot designed to be a convincing imitation of a human is specifically known as an android. Animatronics is mainly used in movie making, but also in theme parks and other forms of entertainment. Its main advantage over CGI and stop motion is that the simulated creature has a physical presence moving in front of the camera in real time. Animatronics is used in situations where the creatures does not exist; the action is too risky or costly to use real actors or animals; or the action could never be obtained with a living person or animal.

WHAT IS 3D MOVIE?
A

3-D (three-dimensional) film or S3D (stereoscopic 3D) film is a motion picture that enhances the illusion of depth perception.

PHYSICS AND MECHANISM OF 3D MOVIES

The technology allows 2 images of the same scene to be

superimposed with each other, in order to create an illusion of depth. Moviegoers are given special glasses with filters to help them perceive these two perspectives as one complete image with depth. It is our brain which analyzes the two images instantly and perceives them as a three dimensional object.

TECHNICAL PROGRESS OF 3D MOVIES

The stereoscopic era of motion pictures began in the

late 1890s when British film pioneerWilliam FrieseGreene filed a patent for a 3-D movie process. In the late 19th and early 20th Centuries the dominant technology to arise in this era was stereoscopic 3D.

 1885- In 1855 the Kinematascope, a stereo animation camera,

was invented. It was able to create 3d motion pictures. 1915- In 1915 the first anaglyph movie was produced. Anaglyph technology used 3d glasses with 2 different color lenses that would direct an image to each eye. 1950-filmmakers used to use color filters to divide the film into two separate images. The left film is passed through a blue filter and the right film is passed through the red. Two projectors would project these images together .glasses are used for viewing purpose. 1960- In the 1960s a new technology called Space-Vision 3D was released

 1970- In 1970, Stereovision technology was developed. 1980- In the early 1980s many movies were released in

3D using the process of Space Vision. 1986- In the mid 1980s IMAX began producing documentary films in 3D. IMAXs 3D technology emphasized mathematical correctness and this eliminated the eye fatigue that was seen in previous 3D technologies. 2003- In 2003, James Cameron released Ghosts of the Abyss. This was the first full length 3D IMAX feature film. This movie used the latest IMAX 3D technology called Reality Camera System.

LATEST TECHNOLOGY
Latest technology used in 3d movies.

IMAX

DOLBY

REAL D

IMAX
The IMAX 3D process uses separate camera lenses separated by an intraocular distance of 64 mm (2.5 in), the average distance between a human's eyes. Each lens feeds a separate roll of film. By projecting the two films simultaneously, viewers experience seeing a 3D image on 2D screen.
One method of creating the 3D illusion involves polarization of the light from the

two images. Alternatively the two projectors take turns displaying each frame at an effective rate of 48 frames per second. The viewer dons LCD shutter glasses that contain LCD panels that block or emit light in each eye in sync with the projector, such that each eye only sees the image intended for it.

REAL D
RealD 3D cinemas uses circular polarized plastic

glasses instead of linear polarized to provide better user experience when watching stereoscopic content. This technology requires the use of more expensive silver screen for projection which makes it a bit more expensive to implement.

DOLBY
An alternate color wheel is placed in the projector. This color wheel contains one more set of red, green, and blue filters in addition to the red, green, and blue filters found on a typical color wheel. The additional set of three filters are able to produce the same color gamut as the original three filters, but transmit light at different wavelengths. In this way, one projector can display the left and right stereoscopic images simultaneously. This method of stereoscopic projection is called wavelength multiplex visualization

DIGITAL RELIEF
Filmmakers now use computers to determine

interaxial distance and ZPS and to align cameras. Two film projectors were once required to show 3D, theaters can now use a single digital projector outfitted with a photo-optical device; theaters are in the process of replacing analog projectors with digital ones. Today, filmmakers use circular polarization, which retains 3D fusion while allowing audience members to move their heads.

HOW AN IMAGE APPEARS TO LEAP AT YOU

How the eye recognizes a 3D view

Physiological cues Accommodation Convergence Binocular disparity Motion parallax Psychological cues Linear perspective Shading &
Aerial Perspective

Interposition
Texture gradient Colour

Stereoscopic motion pictures can be produced through a variety of different methods. Over the years the popularity of systems being widely employed in movie theaters has waxed and waned. The following are some of the technical details and methodologies employed in some of the more notable 3-D movie systems that have been developed.

Techniques/Devices used
Anaglyph

Polarization systems
Eclipse method Pulfrich method

Spectral Separation
Lenticular or Barrier Screens Autostereoscopic Displays

What is 4D?

Adding another dimension to 3D. Physical movement gives 4D. This happens with the movement of

the chairs that you sit on.

It makes you feel that you are in the same place where the event occurs.

Experiencing 4D
Some of the effects you see in 3D

movies are simulated in real time

in the theatres for 4D. For example, wind, rain, and vibrations are simulated to give the viewers the real experience of being in the centre of what happens in the movie.

 The movements of the chairs are synchronized with the audio and visual effects of the movie that is screened.

Requirement For 4D
To screen movies in 4D additional installations like pneumatically operated motion chairs are required. Pneumatic cylinders generates very less heat, offer fast movement and require little space. For the movement of the chairs large space is required.

Welles: For my vision of the cinema, editing is not one aspect. It is the ONLY aspect.

3 key aspects of editing:

technique (cutting and splicing)

craft (considering the shot in itself and in

relation to other shots)

art (how to arrange everything to create

an impression)

WHAT IS EDITING?
To EDIT is to select, arrange, add, and delete things from a document.

Film editing is a 2-phase process:

Selecting and arranging the available film into the

final visual form Mixing of the soundtracks into the master soundtrack and then matching the soundtrack with the visual images.

WHAT THE EDITOR DOES??

Works for the editor shaping many hours of raw film into a few hours of finished movie.

The editor must create:

Spatial relationships between shots Temporal relationships between shots: flashback,

flash-forward, ellipsis Montage (Fr. editing) is a condensed series of images that shows us a series of events Duration and rhythm - the length of time you look at a shot; the tempo of the film (leisurely or fast?). The tempo of edits can be increased/decreased to speed up or slow down a viewers perception of time.

MAJOR APPROACHES TO EDITING:

CONTINUITY AND DISCONTINUITY

AN EDITORS ARRANGEMENT OF A SERIES OF SHOTS CAN CREATE OR DISRUPT CONTINUITY

Continuity
in editing makes the shot appear naturalistic, its elements connected (continuous), the graphic, spatial, and temporal relationships maintained from shot to shot.

Discontinuity
in editing, in contrast, seems jumpy and disconnected (discontinuity, which calls attention to itself).

Continuity-creating shots
Master shot - orients the viewer, sets the scene; may be shot from

different angles; establishes the scene Screen direction/180 rule/axis of action- the direction in which a figure moves on the screen. The 180-degree rule or axis of action a hypothetical line that keeps the action on a single side of the camera. Shot/reverse shot - Reverse-angle shots are permitted as long as everything is kept continuous.

Discontinuous Shots I
Point-of-view editing - camera moves from characters POV to the object of the POV. Jump Cut - creates an instantaneous advance in the action, creating ellipsis

Discontinuous Shots II
Parallel cutting - intercalating two lines of action that occur at different times in different places. Cross-cutting - intercalating two lines of action that occur simultaneously in different places. Intercutting - intercalating multiple actions so that they look like a single scene.

Blu ray

HISTORY
Blu-ray disc (BD):-- 25/50 GB Next generation optional disc format. Developed by blu-ray association (which includes Apple, Hitachi, HP, LG, Panasonic, Pioneer, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony). Wavelength of laser that reads data: 405nm Color of laser: Blue-violet

TYPES OF BD
SINGLE LAYER:

can hold data up to 25/27 GB that means 2hrs of HD video or about 13hrs of standard video.
DOUBLE LAYER:

can hold data up to 50 GB that means 4.5hrs of HD video or about 20hrs of standard video.

Comparison in building

BD Data is placed on top of a 1.1 mm thick polycarbonate layer. Doesnt suffer from BIREFRINGENCE. Doesnt suffer from Disc Tilt. Hard coating is placed outside to protect from scratches or fingerprints.

DVD Data is sandwiched b/w two polycarbonate layers, each 0.6 mm thick. Suffer from BIREFRINGENCE. Suffer from Disc Tilt.
No such hard coating is

placed.

Features of BD
With BD we can: Record HDTV without any quality loss. Instantly skip to any spot on disc. Record any program while watching other on the disc. Automatically search for an empty on the disc to avoid recording over the program. Access to web to download subtitles and other extra features.

BLU-RAY DISCS ADVANTAGE

Various hard coating technologies make Blu ray disc

most durable and family-friendly. Hard coating technology provides resistances to:Finger prints.Marks,Scratches,Dust Much more ROBUST than todays polycarbonate-based CD/DVDs (and HD DVDs). Higher density enables better data seek times. Shorter to travel for same amount of data results in the faster data seek. Better for random access of data

DISTRIBUTION TECHNIQUE
Revolutionisation in process Distribution of movie prints through satellite Encryption of movie It helps in preventing piracy Saves time

DISTRIBUTION TECHNIQUE

Process Telecine stage Digitization stage Encryption Transfer to central server Download

Challenges Shortage of Electricity Lack of Knowledge Benefits Saves Time Avoids Piracy

DOME THEATRE

 For

decades dome theaters have provided the greatest sense of awe and wonder of all theater experiences. Dome theaters transform the entire theater space into a virtual environment in a way no other media can. Modern dome theaters began with planetaria, leading to film-based theaters such as Cinerama, IMAX Dome, Iwerks Cinedome, and others. Military and commercial simulators also use domes to create synthetic environments for aircraft and weapon training.

HISTORY
In 1920s the Zeiss company introduced the first real use of domes as projection screens. The Zeiss instrument accurately projected the celestial sphere onto a dome screen which then became the first ever planetarium.

In 1972, Imax Corporation placed one of their 15/70 projectors in a 76 meter diameter Spitz planetarium in San Diego, CA. This became the first Omnimax Theater.

WHY DOMES???
The

human eye provides a field-of-view of about 200 horizontal x 130 vertical. Dome screens are large enough to fill your entire field of vision. Thus the screen gives you an incredible feeling of immersion and it also enhances the feeling of motion. In fact, the feeling of motion is so strong that it makes some people ill.!!

WHY DOMES???

Domes also present images which are rendered to a view sphere than a view plane. Modern scientists have adopted a spherical model of our visual field to explain wide-angle vision. Thus spherical domes reproduce a more natural looking image with an unlimited number of vanishing points in all directions.!

DOME SCREENS
The

average size of a movie screen is 10 x 22 meters. But the hemispherical screen of dome theatres are upto 30 meters in diameter.

IMAX WADALA

Indias

1st dome theatre - Imax Wadala was the worlds largest dome theatre with a diameter of 30 meters and a seating arrangement for 520 people.!!

Thank you
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THE END

CREDITS
Saba Farooqui Soni Mishra

Rutuja Bawne
Shivangi Guleria

To present a stereoscopic motion picture, two images are projected superimposed onto the same screen through different polarizing filters. As each filter passes only that light which is similarly polarized and blocks the light polarized differently, each eye sees a different image.

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Colored filters cover each eye, red/green, red/blue or red/cyan filters being the most common. One eye image is displayed in red and the other in green, blue or cyan so that the appropriate eye sees the correct image. Since both images appear simultaneously, it is a time-parallel method.
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With the eclipse method, a mechanical shutter blocks light from each appropriate eye when the converse eye's image is projected on the screen. The projector alternates between left and right images, and opens and closes the shutters in the glasses or viewer in synchronization with the images on the screen.
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The Pulfrich effect is based on the phenomenon of the human eye processing images more slowly when there is less light, as when looking through a dark lens.

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ChromaDepth uses a holographic film in the glasses that creates an effect like a dispersive prism. This causes redder objects to be perceived as near and bluer objects as farther away.
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Lenticular printing and parallax barrier technologies involve imposing two (or more) images on the same sheet, in narrow, alternating strips, and using a screen that either blocks one of the two images' strips (in the case of parallax barriers) or uses equally narrow lenses to bend the strips of image and make it appear to fill the entire image (in the case of lenticular prints).
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There is increasing emergence of new 3-D viewing systems which do not require the use of special viewing glasses. These systems are referred to as Autostereoscopic displays. They were initially developed by Sharp. The first Autostereoscopic LCD displays first appeared on the Sharp Actius RD3D notebook and the first LCD monitor was shipped by Sharp in 2004 for the professional market.

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Accommodation

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Convergence

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Binocular Disparity

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Motion Parallax

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Linear Perspective

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Aerial Perspective

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Interposition

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Texture Gradient

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Colour
Bright objects appear closer!!

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