Dept. of Mech.

Engineering
University of Kentucky
1
Wave Motion Some Basics
Sound waves are pressure disturbances in fluids, such
as air, caused by vibration, turbulence, explosions, etc.

These disturbances propagate at the speed of sound c
(c = 343 m/s or 1125 ft/s in air at room temperature)

The wavelength = c/f. For f = 1 kHz, the wavelength is
approximately 0.34 m or 1.13 ft.

As a sound wave passes a point, the fluid particles are
displaced but return to their original position until the
next wave passes.
Wave animation
Dept. of Mech. Engineering
University of Kentucky
2
Traveling and Standing Waves
Traveling waves are waves that propagate away from a sound
source at the speed of sound

A traveling wave moving in the opposite direction, e.g., due to
a reflection, combines with the original traveling wave to
produce a standing wave
Animation of a standing wave
Dept. of Mech. Engineering
University of Kentucky
3
Particle Motion
Particles oscillate (but no net flow)
Waves move much faster than
particles
Surface displacement determines
particle displacement and resulting
sound pressure, as well as
frequency
Particle displacement amplitude D
ft D t d t 2 sin ) ( =
Dept. of Mech. Engineering
University of Kentucky
4
Particle Velocity
Particle displacement amplitude D
( ) ft fD t u t t 2 cos 2 ) ( =
Particle velocity amplitude (m/s)
u increases with frequency for a
constant displacement

Particle velocity is like current, sound
pressure like voltage
Dept. of Mech. Engineering
University of Kentucky
5
Sound Intensity and Power
p u ,
Sound intensity is the sound power
radiated per unit area

To get sound power, we integrate the
normal component of the sound intensity
over a closed surface
pu I =
dS I W
S
n
}
=
I
(watts)
Dept. of Mech. Engineering
University of Kentucky
6
An Analogy
Like temperature, the sound pressure depends on the source power level AND
the environment in which the source is placed.
Dept. of Mech. Engineering
University of Kentucky
7
Another Analogy
A light bulb produces the same optical power (in watts)
regardless of its environment big or small room but the
intensity of light depends on the environment (reflectance of the
walls) and the distance from the light bulb.
A sound source produces the same sound power (in watts)
regardless of its environment* big or small room but the
intensity of sound and the sound pressure depend on the
environment (reflectance of the walls) and the distance from the
source.
_____
* There are some notable exceptions to this (exhaust noise)
Dept. of Mech. Engineering
University of Kentucky
8
Plane waves in a
duct

Oscillating
Piston u
n
Special Cases
1. Plane Waves with no reflection
( ) u z u c p
u u
o o
n
= =
+ =

shift phase a
z
o
= characteristic impedance
IS W
c
p
c
p
p pu I
o o
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

2
Dept. of Mech. Engineering
University of Kentucky
9
2. In the far field* of a source in a free field
p, u
Special Cases
* The far field is where the SPL decreases by 6 dB for a doubling of the distance to the source
c
p
c
p
p I
cu p
o o
o

2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
(like plane waves in a duct except the sound pressure decreases with distance)
Dept. of Mech. Engineering
University of Kentucky
10
Sound Power Level:
watts 10 1 log 10 ) dB (
12
10

= =
ref
ref
w
W
W
W
L
Sound Pressure Level:
Those Amazing dBs
The main thing to remember is that 100 dB sound pressure
level and 100 dB sound power level are completely different!
To avoid confusion, use the reference values:

100 dB (re 20 Pa) sound pressure level
100 dB (re 1x10
-12
W) sound power level
Pa 20 log 10 ) dB (
ref
2
ref
rms
10
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= p
p
p
L
p
Dept. of Mech. Engineering
University of Kentucky
11
r
r
But they are related
I
(no reflections)
S L L
W p 10
log 10 =
S in m
2
2
4 r S t = (Spherical source)
2
2 r S t = (Hemi-spherical source)
S = cross-sectional area (duct)
Dept. of Mech. Engineering
University of Kentucky
12
A source has a sound power level of 90 dB (re 10
-12
W). What is the sound pressure level
at a distance of 10 m in (a) a free field, (b) in a hemispherical free field, and (c) in a duct of
cross-sectional area 1 m
2
?
An Example
( ) Pa) 20 (re dB 59 10 4 log 90
2
10
t = =
p
L
( ) Pa) 20 (re dB 62 10 2 log 90
2
10
t = =
p
L
( ) Pa) 20 (re dB 90 1 log 90
10
= =
p
L
a.
b.
c.
Konversi Tekanan Bunyi
Tabel dB Level
Tobe continued
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