Differential Difference Amplifier

Presented by Mohan G(1JS08EC049)

Why IC Technology ?
Integrated circuits are used in virtually all electronic equipment today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and performance.

Introduction
Classification of MOSFET
MOSFET
P channel Enhancement type Depletion type N channel Enhancement type Depletion type

Widely used in IC circuits

Device Structure of the EnhancementType NMOS

Perspective view Four terminals Channel length and width

Physical Operation
Creating an n channel

Drain current controlled by vDS

Drain current controlled by vGS

Creating a Channel for Current Flow

The enhancement-type NMOS transistor with a positive voltage applied to the gate. An n channel is induced at the top of the substrate beneath the gate. Inversion layer

Threshold voltage

Drain Current Controlled by Small Voltage vDS

An NMOS transistor with vGS > Vt and with a small vDS applied. The channel depth is uniform. The device acts as a resistance. The channel conductance is proportional to effective voltage.

Drain current is proportional to (vGS Vt) vDS.

Circuit Symbol of nmos

(a)

Circuit symbol for the n-channel enhancement-type MOSFET.

(b)

Modified circuit symbol with an arrowhead on the source terminal to distinguish it from the drain and to indicate device polarity (i.e., n channel).

(c) Simplified circuit symbol to be used when the source is connected to the body or when the effect of the body on device operation is unimportant.
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Circuit Symbol of pmos

(a) Circuit symbol for the p-channel enhancement-type MOSFET.

(b) Modified symbol with an arrowhead on the source lead.

(c) Simplified circuit symbol for the case where the source is connected to the body.
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CURRENT MIRRORS

Common source amplifier

Differential Difference Amplifier

DDA circuit with RC compensation for Phase Adjustment

Features Of DDA
(1) High CMRR to reject common mode noise. (2) High input impedance (3) Low noise DDA amplifier for enhancing better signal quality. (4) Low power dissipation for long-term monitoring.

Measured performance summary of the DDA circuit.

Block diagram of the bio-potential acquisition system

Requirement of bio-potential Amplifier

They must have high input impedance, so that they provide minimal loading of the signal being measured. To drive the amplifier load, the output impedance of the amplifier must be low with respect to the load impedance to maintain maximal fidelity and range. Bio-potential signals usually have amplitudes of the order of a few milli volts or less. This means that most bio-potential amplifiers must have high gainsof the order of 1000v or greater. Bio-potential differential amplifiers must have high common mode-rejection ratios to minimize interference due to the common-mode signal.

REFERENCES
A Power-Efficient Bio-Potential Acquisition Device with DS-MDE Sensors for Long-Term Healthcare Monitoring Applications Chia-Lin Chang 1, Chih-Wei Chang 2, Hong-Yi Huang 3, Chen-Ming Hsu 1, Chia-Hsuan Huang 1, Jin-Chern Chiou 2,4 and Ching-Hsing Luo 1,*

A CMOS Fully Balanced Differential Difference Amplifier and Its Applications Hussain Alzaher and Mohammed Ismail
BIOPOTENTIAL AMPLIFIERS Michael R. Neuman A Low-Voltage Current-Mode Instrumentation Amplifier Designed in a 0.18-Micron CMOS Technology E. L. Douglas, D.F. Lovely, D.M. Luke Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick evan. douglas @unb. ca