Learning & Reinforcement

Meaning and importance; barriers; approaches Cognitive and programmed learning Learning styles Reinforcement: Positive; negative; contingencies of reinforcement; schedules of reinforcement Behavior and its modification Transfer of learning through training

Learning
Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. Involves Change
Is relatively permanent Is acquired through experience

Learning Barriers
Ability Attitude Organizational

Learning Classical Approach

A process in which a formerly neutral stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response. Evan Pavlov Dog experiment

Learning Operant conditioning / Programmed Learning

A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment. Explains Human learning better

BF Skinner Skinners box experiment

Learning classical vs. operant

S R

Learning - Cognitive
Based on mental activity

Sensory Store Sensory Input

Working Memory

Long-term store

Rehearsal / Repetition

Encoding

Retrieval

Learning Social learning

Combines the behavioral approached of classical and operant conditioning with the cognitive dimensions. Modeling learning can take lace through imitating others.socialization.observe and act Self-Efficacy self perception of how well a person can cope with situations as they arise.

Learning - Styles
David Kolbs model
Experience is the source of learning & development 2 approaches of grasping experience
Concrete experience Abstract conceptualization

2 approached of transforming experience

Reflective observation Active experimentation

Results in 4 learning styles

Converger ac & ae Diverger ce & ro Assimilator - ac & ro Accommodator ce & ae

Learning - Styles
Honey & Mumfords Model
Adaptation of Kolbs model for management 4 stages in the cycle
Having an experience Reviewing the experience Concluding from experience Planning the next step

4 styles directly aligned to stages

Activist Reflector Theorist Pragmatist

The styles are acquired preferences that are adaptable as per the situation instead of being fixed

Learning - Styles
Anthony Gregorcs Model
Describes how the mind works Based on the existence of perception 2 perceptual abilities
Concrete Abstract

2 ordering abilities
Random Sequential

4 styles
Concrete sequential Abstract Random Concrete Random Abstract sequential

Learning - Reinforcement
any event that strengthens the behavior it follows People are motivated to perform certain behavior because of past outcomes that have resulted from those behavior
Positive: Present typically pleasurable stimulus after response Negative: Removal of aversive stimulus

Learning - Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Strengthening (increasing) a behavior by presenting a positive stimulus immediately after the behavior has occurred

Negative reinforcement
Strengthening (increasing) a behavior by removing a negative stimulus immediately after the behavior has occurred

Presentation punishment (Type I)

Weakening (decreasing) a behavior by presenting an aversive stimulus immediately after the behavior has occurred

Removal punishment (Type II)

Weakening (decreasing) a behavior by removing a positive stimulus immediately after the behavior has occurred

Learning - Reinforcement
Extinction
When a previously reinforced behavior decreases in frequency and eventually ceases altogether because reinforcement is withheld

Spontaneous recovery
When an extinguished behavior reappears without having been reinforced

Generalization
When an individual learns to make a particular response to a particular stimulus and then makes the same or a similar response in a slightly different situation

Discrimination
When an individual learns to notice the unique aspects of seemingly similar situations and thus different ways of responding

Learning Behavior Modification

The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting. Applicable to issues of employee productivity, absenteeism, safety & accident prevention, sales performance etc Problem solving model (Luthans & Kreitner) Identify critical behaviors Measure - develop baseline data Analyze - identify behavioral consequences Intervene - apply intervention Evaluate performance improvement Problem-solving Model

Transfer of Learning