Introduction

Operationalized in September 2007, with its Head Office in Mumbai.

Comprises of a resource pool of 350+ Engineers who have worked with all Tier 1 OEMs across India. They bring rich experience by working in companies such as WIPRO, Reliance Communications, Telecom & IT Micro Technologies. Tata Tele Services, Company
W W W . W www.netwing.in T T . C O M ATSONWYA

NETWING TECHNOLOGIES Pvt. Ltd. Management comprises of members having over 10 years of experience in providing solutions over the wireless network. Dedicated to achieve best in Software Development and getting you the most of innovative developed softwares.
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Netwing Technologies Private Ltd.

Equipment Details

Frequency used Activity

2300 - 2400 MHz type

RF Synthesizer
Power Amplifier

NETWING Tool Discription reference

Tortoise Multi-Band Transmitter (CW) Tortoise 1/2" Yellow Frog Coyat Jaybeam Wireless Various

2.3 GHz, 2.5/25/50/200 kHz step 20 watt

20 watt 5-10 mtr 150 Mhz -2.7 ghz for rms & CW both 7640240 5 to 7meters with safety guides

Transmission

RF Cables set Power meter Omni antenna Telescopic mast

Analog Receiver Magnetic antenna Reception

Coyote modular receiver w/GPS Mount Antenna

Rx1: 2.3-2.4 GHz receiver module (25 kHz steps/25 kHz IF BW) UMB

Set of accessories
GPS Wheel trigger

Coyote

Rotary (Same Work)

Coyat

PC laptop

various
Netwing Technologies Private Ltd. 2

Equipment Details

Activity

type

reference

Digital camera Professional Compass Survey GPS handset Decameter Binocular

Canon / Sony Topochaix Trimble / Garmin various Olympus

with Zoom equiv 35mm above 105 Universal various references

Antenna line tester Spectrum analyzer Complements digital multimeter Tool box with divers wrench

Anritsu Anritsu

site master MS2721 or equiv.

Flex

to test Volt, Amp, ohm

Netwing Technologies Private Ltd.

Site Selection

The major criteria with which sites were selected for CW testing is: The representation of clutters in the sites surroundings meeting the pretext of model for which it is being driven. Any major obstacles which can badly affect the collection of data. For the feasibility of installing antenna and safe upkeep of the CW equipments near to the antenna. Adequacy of driving in the surroundings of the selected sites. Ability to find cleaner frequency channel for data collection. Existence of regular power supply for avoiding battery to discharge in case where the drive tests may prolong more than 3 hours.

Site Selection

The planning area should be categorized into dense urban, mean urban, suburb and rural. The testing site shall be free of visible obstructions around. the building where the testing site is located on shall be higher than the average height of surrounding buildings. In dense urban, the valid antenna height should be about 10m higher than the average height of surrounding buildings; In mean urban, its about 15m; in suburban or rural, its about 15 to 25m. There should be enough clutters (from the digital map) around the site, and enough roads to be able to cover those clutters. The buildings rooftop should not be too large. The antenna must be raised when the buildings rooftop is too large to affect the radio propagation, especially when there is a parapet on rooftop. The omni antenna is set on top of the building or tower, and the valid antenna height, above ground level (from the ground to the middle of antenna), is 4 to 30m.

CW Methodology

Measurements Procedures For CW Survey CW test routes were planned carefully to avoid re running on the routes where ever it was possible and also following sections were not included in the data collection by using the pause facility of the equipment. 1) Elevated sections of roads. 2) Tunnels. 3) Bridges. Sufficient measurements were made in each clutter type for the model to be reasonably accurate and thus valid.

CW Methodology

Precautions Taken :
Measurement tape was used to verify the accurate height. Position of the site was recorded carefully with the help of GPS. Mostly antenna heights were selected considering the average height of the clutter. The power meter is used for checking the output power after the feeder. It is important to check the forward power as well as the reflected in the antenna connection to be able to calculate the EiRP.

CW Drive Route Definition

Distance : Must account for expected coverage propagation. Must account for expected interference propagation Clutter : Sufficient measurement in all local clutter types ( >1000 ) Roads : Avoid street canyons, tunnels, elevated roads, cuttings etc..Mix of radial and tangential road roads with ground height above the transmitter antenna.

CW Drive Route Definition

All directions from the testing site should be included. Different distances should be reached; All the clutters in coverage area must be tested. Roads should be reached as much as possible. Common and narrow roads are the main targets to be chosen. Avoid of Drive test in the same route. Dont record the data when the car stops. The testing radius should be large enough so that the received signals strength could be weaker than 110dBm;adjust the testing route according to the received signal in the practical drive test.

CW Equipment Set up

Transmitter setup

Antenna
Tortoise Transmitter

To Power Supply 12V DC@5A

Power Meter

CW Equipment Set up

Receiver setup

Antenna

Coyote :The signal received from the Omni-directional antenna (no gain) is fed to the receiver and is again fed to the laptop PC through the parallel port extender. Output of the GPS is also fed to the laptop with the same cable. The transmitted test frequency is monitored using a laptop connected to the receiver. The data is processed using the Forecaster software

Data Post processing

Depends on customer requirements: Averaged Measurements post processing involves simple conversion into Signia format supported by Enterprise Signia data file ( .dat ) contains longitude, latitude (decimal degrees) and received level (dBm) Every data file must have header file with identical name but with extension .hd. Header file must have antenna type (identical name to one in Asset3g), Tx power, Tx antenna height, coordinates. It is common practice to include all gains and losses under Tx power value and leave other fields relevant to gain/losses in the header blank. Therefore in a Tx field usually is put:

Tx Ct +Atg Arg+Crl where Tx-Tx power(dBm), Ct-cable loss between transmitter and antenna (dB), Atg-transmitting antenna gain (dBi) Arg-receiving antenna gain (dBi) Crl-cable loss between receiver and receiving antenna (dB)

CW Data Validation

Compare the site data (photographs, surrounding clutter and terrain profile) to the Clutter and DTM layer of the map data provided. Check the driven routes against vectors within the map data. Filter out any invalid data that may cause anomalies in the calibration process Make sure that details relating to a site (EIRP, Location, Height, Antenna file) correspond to reports from CW Survey. Use Asset utilities to get visual representation of the received signal vs distance.

Data filtering

Filter clutter types that have less than 500 bins. Clutter offsets or them will be estimated later in the model tuning process. Filter out any file which shows extreme in signal level. Unusually high signal level at far distance can be caused by reflection over big water surface, or driving along route which is higher than antenna. Unusually weak signal level can be caused by driving behind blocking object. Okumura Hata cant model above situations, therefore these data must be filtered out. With careful route planning filtering can be avoided. Having more than one file per site makes filtering during post processing much easier

Filtering example-Driving above Tx antenna

Filtering example-Blocking object

Displaying CW measurements in Asset

Data Types-CW Measurements-CW Signal To set up thresholds double click on CW Signal and specify thresholds under Categories tab The same goes for other options inside CW Measurements

Okumura-Hata in Asset
Asset uses slightly modified Okumura-Hata: Ploss =K1 + K2*log(d) + K3*Hms + K4*log(Hms) + K5*log(Heff) + K6*log(Heff)*log(d) + K7*Ldiff + Lclutter d is distance in km between Tx antenna and mobile station Hms is mobile station height

Heff is effective antenna height in metres

Ldiff is a loss due to diffraction Lclutter is a clutter loss

Asset has 4 algorithms for calculating effective antenna height Asset has 4 algorithms for calculating diffraction

Asset improvements

K1 near and k2 near are designed to overcome Okumura-Hata limitation for close distances.

Through Clutter Loss takes into the account clutter profile along distance d from mobile station to base station.

Advantages in improved accuracy/reduced standard deviation error and more realistic calculated predictions.

Through Clutter Model Definition

Each clutter category is given Through Clutter Loss (dB/km) on the path between transmitter and receiver. Through clutter losses are linearly weighted. The clutter nearest the mobile station has highest effect

Overview of Model Calibration

There must be project set up (map data, antennas, sites, propagation model) in order to start tuning Load CW data Make appropriate filtering, usually: -110dBm to -40dBm 125m to 10000 Start with the default values for k parameters Do Auto Tune Try all combination of effective antenna height and diffraction algorithms and determine which one gives the lowest standard deviation Take note of second and third best

Model setting

Tools-Model Tuning-Options Select the resolution of mapping data Select the model as a start tuning model. It is recommended to use default model

Filter Setting

Tools-Model Tuning-Options-Filter Set up distance filtering Set up signal level filtering Filter out clutter types with insufficient data by highlighting them If you tune k7 click just NLOS Click antenna button if directional antennas were used

Auto Tune

Tools-Model Tuning-Auto Tune Set up deltas Click fix box next to the k factor you dont want to tune Click Auto Tune under Tools tab Wait for results You can apply new parameters by clicking apply new parameters Through clutter offsets and clutter offsets are under Clutter tab

K parameters

K3 and K4 are not altered. This is because they relate to mobile height which in a typical cellular system is constant making these coefficients redundant. K7 is the diffraction parameter. It can be determined by tuning just NLOS data.

All K parameters must keep the same polarity as in the original Okumura Hata model K1, K2, K7 >0 K3, K5, K6 <0 Above step can be easily fulfil by determining the delta range under Auto tune window

Default K parameters

k1, k2 near calibration

If model is not good close to the site, for example up to 700m, auto tune the model from 700m to 10k. Apply found k parameters.

Tune model again with k5,k6 and k7 locked and filter out distances above 700m.

Result will be k1 near and k2 near.

If standard deviation is still bad try with other distances until you find the best fit.

Clutter offset

Some through clutter offsets and clutter offsets need to be estimated due to insufficient data. Estimation is done relative to the clutter offsets with sufficient data. Clutter offsets must be realistic relative to each other. Water will have the smallest offset while building and forest the highest.

Adjusting ME

Mean error is usually altered after estimation of clutter offsets.

ME can be easily bring back to 0 by changing k1

If mean error is change k1 to k1+

Model analyses

Make statistical analyses for ME and SD for different distance ranges.

In the range of interest, typically 1km to 4km, following requirements should be fulfilled -1 < ME < 1 SD < 8 If ME or SD is outside the above specified values, try with changing the dual slope distance or take the second best model from the initial tuning.

Statistical Breakdown for Coastal Urban 15m

No. of Bins

Mean Error

Standard Deviation Actual

Calibration whole range 125~250 250~500 500~1km 1km~2km 2km~4km 4km~8km 8km~16km

80260

6.8

1030 2899 8700 19351 29598 17791 891

-0.5 -1.1 -1.4 -0.1 0.9 -0.4 -1.6

8.1 8 7.7 7.4 6.6 5.4 5.2

Statistical Breakdown for ME and SD

Mean error vs distance

1.5

Standard deviation distribution

9 8

Standard deviation

0.5

6 5 4 3 2 1

Mean error

0
0.125 -0.5 0 -0.25 0.250.5 0.5-1 1-2 2-4 4-8 8-16

-1

-1.5

-2 Distance (km)

-0.2 0.125

50

0.5-1

2-4
Distance (km )

8-16

Validation of Tuned Model-Site 1

Apoview site

No. of Bins

Mean Error

Standard Deviation Actual

Calibration whole range 125~250 250~500 500~1km 1km~2km 2km~4km 4km~8km 8km~16km

10668

-1

6.1

53

4.3

5.6

368

0.4

7.5

1153

-2.7

7.3

2324

-1.5

6.3

4383

0.4

5.9

2343

-2.4

5.1

44

-2.4

4.1

Coverage plot Site 1

Validation of Tuned Model-Site 2

No. of Bins

Mean Error

Banawa site
Calibration whole range 125~250

Standard Deviation Actual

6354 95

0.1 11.6

6.4 5.2

250~500
500~1km 1km~2km 2km~4km 4km~8km 8km~16km

42
252 1620 3228 1041 76

2.7
-1.8 -0.9 1 -1.6 -2.9

5.7
7.7 6.3 6.4 4.8 3.8

Coverage plot Site 2

Thank You

Netwing Technologies Private Ltd.

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