ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS

- PRESENTED BY JAY B.THAKAR M.TECH (POWER SYSTEM)

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OUTLINES
Resistor Inductor R L series circuit Capacitor R C series circuit R L C series circuit Impedance Phasor diagram

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WHAT IS RESISTOR?????

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INTRODUCTION TO RESISTOR
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component

which implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. resistor, a current I will flow through the resistor in direct proportion to that voltage.

When a voltage V is applied across the terminals of a

The reciprocal of the constant of proportionality is

known as the resistance R, since, with a given voltage V, a larger value of R further "resists" the flow of current.
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Resistors can be either fixed or variable in value.

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Fixed resistors come in a variety of different shapes,

INTRODUCTION (CONTD.)

sizes and forms.

Resistors can be either fixed or variable in value Fixed resistors come in a variety of different shapes,

sizes and forms

Axial lead resistors have the value of resistance printed

on them or as a colour code a value

Surface mount resistors have a numerical code indicating All resistors have a tolerance value.
3/20/12 AVADHUTA TRIVEDI Ohms Law for a resistor, R, in an AC circuit 55

TYPES OF RESISTORS

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MATERIALS INSIDE RESISTOR

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HOW TO CALCULATE THE VALUE OF RESISTORS???

The values of the resistor are calculated from the

colour of the bands. The values of the colours are shown in Table on next slide Four band resistor colour code

1st band provides the first digit of the code 2nd band provides the second digit of the code 3rd band is the multiplier 4th band indicates the 3/20/12 AVADHUTA TRIVEDI

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COLOUR CODE CHART

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RESISTOR IN AN AC CIRCUIT
Consider a circuit

consisting of an AC source and a resistor current through and the voltage across the resistor voltage reach their maximum values at the same time
AVADHUTA are said to be in TRIVEDI 1010

The graph shows the

The current and the

The current and the

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WHAT IS INDUCTOR?????

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INTRODUCTION TO INDUCTOR
An inductor or a is a passive electrical component that

can store energy in a magnetic field created by the electric current passing through it. measured by its inductance, in units of henries. Typically an inductor is a conducting wire shaped as a coil; the loops help to create a strong magnetic field inside the coil due to Ampere's Law. voltage is induced, according to 3/20/12 AVADHUTA TRIVEDI Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, which1212 by

An inductor's ability to store magnetic energy is

Due to the time-varying magnetic field inside the coil, a

INTRODUCTION (CONTD)
Inductors are one of the basic components used in

electronics where current and voltage change with time, due to the ability of inductors to delay and reshape alternating currents. power supplies or to block AC signals from passing through a circuit.

Inductors called chokes are used as parts of filters in

The effective resistance of a coil in an AC circuit is

called its inductive reactance and is given by

XL = 2L

When is in Hz and L is in H, XL will be in ohms 3/20/12 AVADHUTA TRIVEDI

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF INDUCTORS

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BEHAVIOR OF AC CIRCUIT OF R-L SERIES CIRCUIT!!!!!

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & PHASOR DIAGRAMS & EQUATIONS

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WAVEFORMS
Consider an AC circuit

with a source and an inductor

The current in the

circuit is impeded by the back EMF of the inductor inductor always leads the current by 90
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The voltage across the

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WHAT IS CAPACITOR?????

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INTRODUCTION TO CAPACITORS
A basic capacitor has two parallel plates separated

by an insulating material
A capacitor stores an electrical charge between

the two plates

The unit of capacitance is Farads (F) Capacitance values are normally smaller, such as

F, nF or pF
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INTRODUCTION (CONTD...)
Basic capacitor construction
Plate 2 Dielectric material The dielectric material is an insulator therefore no current flows through the capacitor
2020

Plate 1

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INTRODUCTION (CONTD...)
The function of capacitor is to Storing a charge between the plates
Electrons on the left plate

are attracted toward the positive terminal of the voltage source positively charged holes toward the right plate negative charge 3/20/12

+ +

_ _

This leaves an excess of The electrons are pushed Excess electrons leave a
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF TO CAPACITOR

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BEHAVIOR OF AC CIRCUIT OF R-C SERIES CIRCUIT!!!!!

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CAPACITORS IN AN AC CIRCUIT
Consider a circuit containing a capacitor and an AC source The current starts out at a large value and charges the plates of the

capacitor
There is initially no resistance to hinder the flow of the current

while the plates are not charged

As the charge on the plates increases, the voltage across the plates

increases and the current flowing in the circuit decreases

The impeding effect of a capacitor on the current in an AC circuit is C called the capacitive reactance and is given by

1 X = 2 C

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & PHASOR DIAGRAMS & EQUATIONS

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MORE ABOUT CAPACITORS IN AN AC CIRCUIT

The current reverses

direction

The voltage across the

plates decreases as the plates lose the charge they had accumulated capacitor lags behind the current by 90

The voltage across the

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SUMMARY OF CIRCUIT ELEMENTS, IMPEDANCE AND PHASE ANGLES

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BEHAVIOR OF AC CIRCUIT OF R-L-C SERIES CIRCUIT!!!!!

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THE RLC SERIES CIRCUIT

The resistor, inductor,

and capacitor can be combined in a circuit

The current in the

circuit is the same at any time and varies sinusoidally with time

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CURRENT AND VOLTAGE RELATIONSHIPS IN AN RLC CIRCUIT

The instantaneous voltage

across the resistor is in phase with the current

The instantaneous voltage

across the inductor leads the current by 90 across the capacitor lags the current by 90
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The instantaneous voltage

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PHASOR DIAGRAMS
To account for the

different phases of the voltage drops, vector techniques are used across each element as a rotating vector, called a phasor
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Represent the voltage

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PHASOR DIAGRAMS
A phasor is an arrow whose length represents the amplitude of an AC voltage or current. The phasor rotates counterclockwise about the origin with the angular frequency of the AC quantity. Phasor diagrams are useful in solving complex AC Click to circuits. edit Master subtitle style Resistor V p Capacitor I p t
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Inductor V p I p

I p t
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t
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V p

REACTANCE - PHASOR DIAGRAMS

Click to edit Master subtitle style Resistor V p Capacitor I p t

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Inductor V p I p

I p t
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t
3333

V p

Given: = m sin t Assume:

i = i m sin(t )

im Q = cos( t ) di = i m cos( t ) dt

PHASO RS

R C
i mL

VR = Ri = Ri m sin( t )

Q 1 = i m cos( t ) C C di VL = L = Li m cos( t ) dt VC =

From these equations, we can draw the phasor diagram to the right. This picture corresponds to a snapshot at t=0. The projections of these phasors along the vertical axis are the actual values of the voltages at the given time. 3/20/12 AVADHUTA TRIVEDI

im

i mR

Impedance of an AC Circuit
R

L C

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The impedance, Z, of a circuit relates peak current to peak voltage: V

Ip =

(Units: OHMS)
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(This is the AC equivalent of 3/20/12 Ohms AVADHUTA TRIVEDI law.)

Impedance of an RLC Circuit

R

L C

As in DC circuits, we can use the loop method:

E - VR - VC - VL = 0 I is same through all components.

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Impedance of an RLC Circuit

R

L C

As in DC circuits, we style Click to edit Master subtitle can use the loop method:

E - VR - VC - VL = 0 I is same through all components. BUT: Voltages have different

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PHASES AVADHUTA TRIVEDI PHASORS. they add as

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Impedance of an RLC Circuit

R

Solve for the current:

L C

Vp Click I p = to edit Master subtitle style = Z R2 + (X c X L )2

Vp

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Impedance of an RLC Circuit

R

Solve for the current:

L C

Vp Click I p = to edit Master subtitle style = Z R2 + (X c X L )2

Vp

Impedanc e:
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1 Z = R + L C
2
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Impedance of an RLC Circuit

Vp Ip = Z
The currents magnitude depends on 2 the driving frequency. When Z 1 2 Z= R + L is a C minimum, the current is a Click to edit Master subtitle style maximum. The circuit hits resonance when 1/C-L=0: LC r=1/ This happens at a resonance When this happens the capacitor and inductor frequency: cancel each other and the circuit behaves purely resistively: IP=VP/R. I R = 10 L=1mH P C=10 The current dies
F
R = 1 0 0

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0 1 0

r
2

1 0

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PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR RLC SERIES CIRCUIT

The voltage across the

resistor is on the +x axis since it is in phase with the current inductor is on the +y since it leads the current by 90 capacitor is on the y axis since it lags behind the current by 90AVADHUTA TRIVEDI 3/20/12

The voltage across the

The voltage across the

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PHASOR DIAGRAM (CONTD)

The phasors are added

as vectors to account for the phase differences in the voltages

VL and VC are on

the same line and so the net y component is VL - VC

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Phasors for a Series RLC Circuit

VL p (VCpVLp)
VR p

I p

V P VC p

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Phasors for a Series RLC Circuit

VL p (VCpVLp)
VR p

I p

V P VC p

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By Pythagoras theorem: (VP )2 = [ (VRp )2 + (VCp - VLp)2 ]

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Phasors for a Series RLC Circuit

VL p (VCpVLp)
VR p

I p

V P VC p

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By Pythagoras theorem: (VP )2 = [ (VRp )2 + (VCp - VLp)2 ]

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Phase in an RLC Circuit

VL p
VR p

I p
V P

We can also find the phase:

tan = (VCp VLp)/ VRp or; Click to edit Master subtitle style (VCpVC tan = (XC-XL)/R. VLp) p or tan = (1/C L) / R

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Phase in an RLC Circuit

VL p
VR p

I p
V P

We can also find the phase:

tan = (VCp VLp)/ VRp or; Click to edit Master subtitle style (VCpVC tan = (XC-XL)/R. VLp) p or More generally, in terms of = (1/C tan impedance: L) / R

cos = R/Z

At resonance the phase goes to zero (when the circuit becomes 3/20/12 AVADHUTA TRIVEDI purely resistive, the current and voltage are in

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Power in an AC Circuit V
= 0
I
2 t
V(t) = VP sin (t) I(t) = IP sin (t)

Click to edit Master subtitle style (This is for a

purely resistive circuit.)

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P(t) = IV = IP VP sin 2(t) Note this oscillates twice as fast.

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The power is P=IV. Since both I and V vary in time, so does the power: P is a function of time. Use, V = VP sin (t) and I = IP sin ( t+ ) :
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Power in an AC Circuit

P(t) = IpVpsin(t) sin ( t+ )

This wiggles in time, usually very fast. What we usually care about is the time average of this: 1 T (T=1/f P = 0 P( t )dt T )

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Now: sin( t + ) = sin( t )cos + cos( t )sin

Power in an AC Circuit

Click to edit Master subtitle style

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Now: sin( t + ) = sin( t )cos + cos( t )sin

Power in an AC Circuit

P( t ) = I PVP sin( t )sin( t + ) = I PVP sin 2 ( t )cos + sin( t )cos( t )sin

Click to edit Master subtitle style

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Now: sin( t + ) = sin( t )cos + cos( t )sin

Power in an AC Circuit

P( t ) = I PVP sin( t )sin( t + ) = I PVP sin 2 ( t )cos + sin( t )cos( t )sin

1 Click to edit Master subtitle style 2 Us

e:

sin

( ) = t

sin( ) cos( ) = 0 t t

an So d:

P =

1 2

I PV P cos
5252

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Now: sin( t + ) = sin( t )cos + cos( t )sin

Power in an AC Circuit

P( t ) = I PVP sin( t )sin( t + ) = I PVP sin 2 ( t )cos + sin( t )cos( t )sin

1 Click to edit Master subtitle style 2 Us

e:

sin

( ) = t

sin( ) cos( ) = 0 t t

an So d:

P =

1 2

I PV P cos

which we usually P 3/20/12 AVADHUTA TRIVEDI write as

= I rmsVrms cos
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Power in an AC Circuit P = I rmsVrms cos

( goes from -900 to 900, so the average power is positive) cos()to edit Master subtitle style Click is called the power factor. For a purely resistive circuit the power factor is 1. When R=0, cos()=0 (energy is traded but not dissipated). Usually the power factor depends on frequency. AVADHUTA TRIVEDI 3/20/12 5454

Power in an AC Circuit P = I rmsVrms cos

What if f is not zero?

P subtitle style Click to edit Master V t

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Here I and V are 900 out of phase. (f= 900) (It is purely reactive) The time average of P is zero.

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LAGGING & LEADING POWER The phase f between the current and the driving emf depends on the
relative magnitudes of the inductive and capacitive reactances.

im

= m Z

X XC tan = L R

X L

X L L 1 XC C

X L R

X L R

X C XL > XC >0 current 3/20/12 LAGS

X X C C XC XL < XL = XC <0 =0 current current AVADHUTA TRIVEDI IN PHASE LEADS