TEACHER CENTERED METHODS

Instructional Methods
Presentation

3/20/2012

Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012

THE DEMONSTRATION METHOD What is it? VERBAL EXPLANATION + LIVE DISPLAY USING APPARATUS/MODELS = DEMONSTRATION.

TELLING DEMONSTRATION DOING

Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012

SHOWING

3/20/2012

PURPOSE OF DEMONSTRATION
Teaching a skill, concept or principle. Delicate and dangerous experiments involving careful manipulation. Experiments involving difficult and complex operations. Use of costly apparatus.

3/20/2012

Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012

 Several experiments are to be performed in one period to establish connections between them to derive conclusions. Number of operations in an experiment are too many.

3/20/2012

Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012

ADVANTAGES
Concrete things are shown. So students dont enter into false imagination as it happens in a lecture. Students get confidence in the application of scientific principles as they observe them working and not simply hear about them.

3/20/2012

Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012

 Motivates the students for further learning. Number of equipment is less and students are more, this is an ideal method. Method is aligned to the principle, Learning is more in seeing than in hearing; Learning is more in doing than in seeing and hearing;

3/20/2012

Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012

GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE DEMONSTRATION

Specify the objective of the demonstration. Prepare a plan for your demo listing the various steps in the proper sequence.

3/20/2012

Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012

 Decide what information should be presented to the students BEFORE, DURING and AFTER THE Demonstration. Choose appropriate equipment, tools and other accessories. Practice or rehearse the presentation.

3/20/2012

Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012

 Arrange the physical setting so that each student will be able to see clearly. Arrange the equipment to be demonstrated in order. It is convenient to keep the equipment to be used on the left hand side and the used ones on the right hand side.

3/20/2012

Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012

 Demonstrate step by step. match explanation with manipulation. Avoid lengthy explanations. Use a pointer to highlight the details/specific features. Do not show how Not to do a particular thing. Provide opportunities for students participation in the demonstration.
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Illustration Method

3/20/2012

Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012

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Illustration
An illustration can deal with animate or inanimate, objects or it can be an analogy, comparison, similes, metaphor, personal experience, examples, or a graphic. Think back for a moment. In Learning Theories you learned about learning styles. We talked about the learner who has to see it to believe it?

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Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012

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Illustration
Well chosen illustrations can: help to impress on the mind of the learner what is being taught stimulate interest and highlight the important points. Stir the learners thinking process. Have an emotional impact on learner
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Lecture Method

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Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012

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Types of Lecture
A. Traditional oral essay The teacher is an orator and the only speaker.

B. Participatory Lecture begins with learners brainstorming ideas on the lecture topic on what they have read in preparation.

3/20/2012

Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012

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C. Feedback Lecture Consists with mini lectures with 10-minute small group discussion opportunity to manipulate the lecture content
D. Mediated Lecture Use of media such as films, slides, Webbased images along with traditional lecture.

3/20/2012

Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012

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Purposes of Lecturing
Lectures can be an efficient means of introducing learners a new topic. It can be used to stimulate students interest in a subject. It can also be used to inspire people. To integrate and synthesize a large body of knowledge. (Parker, 1993) The lecture is valuable where knowledge is advancing and up-to-date textbooks are not available. (Jones,1990)
3/20/2012 Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012

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Advantages of the Lecture Method

1. It is economical in terms of student time. A great deal of information can be communicated in a one hour lecture. More pertinent information can be taught to a student.
2. The lecturer can supplement a textbook by enhancing a topic and making it come to life.
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3. The teacher serves as a role model for students. 4. Lectures bring enjoyment to the learners. 5. It helps students develop their listening skills.
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Disadvantages of the Lecture Method

1. It lends itself to the teaching of the facts while placing little emphasis on problem solving, decision making, analytical thinking, or transfer of learning. (Black. 1993) 2. Lecturing is not conducive to meeting students individual needs. 3. Lecturing brings with it the problem of limited attention span on the part of the learners.
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Delivering the Lecture

1. Control your anxiety. An effective control mechanism is

imaging.

2. Spontaneity Avoid reading to the class. Do not write your lecture out in full sentences. Rehearse the delivery at home.
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3. Voice quality Beware of lecturing in monotone. 4. Body language Do not stand glued to the podium. Use your hand for emphasis but not too much. Be aware of your body language. Maintain eye contact.
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4. Speed of delivery Affects both the learners comprehension and enjoyment of the material.

5. Getting of the right foot Casual conversation for a minute to establish rapport Give an opening attention getter
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The Art of Explaining

The distinguishing mark of good teaching Teachers role to simplify, clarify, guide, lead and explain complex concepts for optimum understanding of material First requisite is for the teacher to fully understand the content him/herself Must understand how to do the operation properly, why it is being done in a specific manner and know the related information.
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The Art of Explaining

Teachers should learn basic principles then learn the historical evolution and processes, as well as the manual skills and standards of occupational areas.

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Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012

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The Art of Explaining

How to explain: Use simple language; language of the learner Be patient and resourceful Make liberal use of analogy, comparison, example, illustration Use visual aids Develop good sequence of simple-to-difficult, step-by-step techniques in explaining
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The Art of Explaining

Use students knowledge as a base Explain and define new terms Use the technique of show and tell Point out relationships of parts/processes Use logic and reasoning to explain Develop concepts, history and uses Ensure that the group understands the goal of explanation
Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012 27

3/20/2012

The Art of Explaining

Make use of the board in dev. explanation Keep eye contact with the class Encourage questions and ask them too Call attention to highlights Use medial summary to strengthen explanation

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Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012

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The Art of Explaining

Essential to the successful completion of the demonstration. The purpose of the explanation is to make clear to the learner what he/she is expected to understand.

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Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012

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Presented by Dr. D. BernardJohnson SOTAVE Feb 2012

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Thank you
hansrajhr@ukzn.ac.za

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