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Analysis Modeling
At a technical level, software engineering begins with a series of modeling tasks that lead to a complete specification of requirements and a comprehensive design representation for the software to be built. The analysis model actually a set of models , is the first technical representation of a system. Structured analysis and Object oriented analysis is generally used to defined software projects.
Structured Analysis
Structured analysis is a model building activity. For operational analysis we crate models that depicts information (data and control) content and flow ,we partitioned system functionality and behaviorally and we depict the essence of what must be built.
Data Modeling
Data modeling give the answer of the following functions
What are the primary data objects to be processes by the system. What is the composition of each data object and what attributes describes the objects. Where do the objects currently reside ? What is the relationship between the objects and processes that transform them?
Data Objects
Data object: it is the representation of any composite information. Composite means it has number of different properties.
Data object can be an external entity(anything that produces or consume information) a thing(salesperson) An organizational unit(purchase department) A place(warehouse) a structure(a file)
Data objects
Data can be defined in terms of a set of attributes. Data object description used to incorporates the data object and all of its attributes. Data objects are related to each other. A data object encapsulate data only, there is no reference within a data object operations that act on the data.
Attributes
Attributes define the properties of data objects and have following characteristics They can be used
Name an instance of the data object Describes the instance Make reference to another instance of the data object
Relationship
Data objects are connected to one another in a variety of different ways. With this relationship we can define a set of object-relationship pairs that define that relevant relationship. It is important that object relation pairs are bidirectional.
Modality
The modality of a relationship is zero if there is no explicit need for the relationship to occur or the relationship is optional. The modality is 1 if an occurrence of relationship is mandatory.
Is provided with
Modality: Mandatory Implies that in order to have a repair action(s),we must have a customer.
Modality: Optional Implies that there may be a situation in which a repair action is not necessary.
Example: ERD
Licenses Dealership Stocks
Manufacturer
Build
Car
Transports
Contracts
Shipper
European
Domestic
Asian
Swedish
German
French
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Engine
chasis
interior
Car
Functional Modeling
Information is transformed as it flow through a computer based system. Information flow models are used to show the flow of the information of the system . Overall function of the system is represented as a single information transform noted as bubble. One or more inputs shown as labeled arrows , external entities represented as a box. Output information also shown as boxes .
External entity
A producer or consumer of information that resides outside the bounds of the system to be modeled. A transformer of information (a function ) that resides within the bounds of the system to be modeled
A data object; the arrowed indicated the direction of data flow
Process
A repository of data that is to be stored for use by one or more processes; may be as simple as a buffer or queue or as simple or as sophisticated as relational database.
Control Panel
Display information
Alarm
sensor
Telephone line
Processing Specification
DFD notation can be used to for processing specification. A processing specification (PSPEC) can be used to specify the processing detains implied by a bubble within a DFD. The processing specification describes the input to a function ,the algorithm that is applied to the input and the output that is produced. PSPEC also indicates restrictions and limitations imposed on the process (function), performance characteristics that are relevant to the process, design constraints that may influence the process implementation.
These extension enable a analyst to represent control flow and control processing as well as data flow and processing.
A transformer of control or events; accepts control and input and produces control as output
Control item or events; takes on a Boolean or discrete value; the arrowhead indicates the direction of data flow A repository of control items that are to be stored for use by one or more processes Multiple equivalent instances of the same process; used when multiple processes are created in multitasking system
Control Item
Control Store
Process
Monitored temperature
Input continuously output continuously Corrected Value
Temperature SetPoint
Status of each fixture Movement alarm Parts status buffer Robot initiation control
Bit string
Operator commands
Data Input
Process model
DFD
Data output
PSPEC
Process Activators Data Conditions
Control Model
CFD
Control output
Creation of CFD
For CFD a data flow model is stripped of all data flow arrows. Events and control items are than added to diagram and a window into the control specification is shown.
Control Panel
Start /Stop
Password
Process passwo rd
Alarm
Control Panel Config ure system Start /stop switch Activa te /deact ivate Process passwo rd Blink flag
Alarm Signal
Alarm
Telephone Line
Sensor event Invoke Monitor and control system Monitoring system status Sensor event Invoke display Massage and status Sensor event Invoke display message and status
Sensor event Invoke monitor and control system Displaying user feedback