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Research design follows the task of defining research problem A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure.
Research Design
The design includes an outline of what the researcher will do from writing the hypothesis and its operational implications to the final analysis of data.
i. What is the study about? ii. Why is study being made ? iii. Where will the study be carried out? iv. What type of data is required? v. Where can the required data be found? vi. What periods of time will the study include? vii. What will be the sample design? viii.What techniques of data collection will be used? ix. How will the data be analysed? x. In what style will the report be prepared?
Research Design
Sampling Design Observational Design Statistical Design Operational Design
Research Designs
Different Research Designs can be categorized as: 1. Exploratory research studies 2. Descriptive & Diagnostic research studies
Experience Survey
Survey of people who have had practical experience with the problem to be stated. Objective- Insight into relationship between variables & new ideas relating to the problem. The researcher
Should carefully select the competent respondents & can contribute to new ideas Prepares interview schedule systematic, flexible Sends a copy of questions to be discussed & interviewed.
Thus enables to define the problem more concisely & present practical possibilities for doing different types of research
The design must be rigid & not flexible and must focus on:
Formulating the objective of the study Designing the methods of data collection Selecting the sample Collecting the data Processing & analyzing the data Reporting the findings
Thus the research design in case of descriptive/diagnostic studies is a comparative design and must be prepared keeping in view of the objective of the study and resources available. It must ensure minimum bias &maximum reliability It can be referred as survey design.
SAMPLE DESIGN
Sampling Unit:
Sampling unit may be a geographical, constructional, social unit or an individual. Decide one or more such units that has to be studied
Size of sample:
An optimum sample fulfills the requirements of efficiency, representativeness, reliability & flexibility. The size of population, parameters of interest & budgetary constraint also dictate the size of sample.
Budgetary constraint:
Cost considerations throw impact upon the size of sample as well type of sample which may lead to non-probability sample
Sampling procedure:
Select the sample design which, for a given sample size and for a given cost, has a smaller sampling error.
Systematic bias & sampling error cause incorrect inferences from the data .
The errors in the sampling procedures is due to the following factors which results in systematic bias. Inappropriate sampling frame: A biased representation of the universe results in systematic bias. Defective measuring device: Biased questionnaires or the interviewer in case of survey work results in constant error.
Non-probability sampling
This procedure does not afford any basis for estimating the probability that each item in the population has of being included in the sample.
Probability sampling
Random sampling/chance sampling. Every item of the universe has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample. Errors of estimation or significance of results obtained can be assured. Random sampling ensures the law of statistical regularity.
Random sampling
Random sample from a finite universe Random sample from an infinite universe
Sample without replacement Each element in the population has an equal probability of getting into the sample.
All the choices are independent of one another Each possible sample combination has an equal probability of being chosen.
Sample with replacement from an infinite population. Selection of each item in a random sample from an infinite population is controlled by the same probabilities. Successive selections are independent of one another
Systematic Sampling
An element of randomness is introduced by using random numbers to pick up the unit with which to start. Selecting every ith item from the sampling frame until the desired number is secured.
Sample is spread evenly over entire population. Easier & less costly method. Conveniently used in large populations. lists of population are available and are of considerable length.
Stratified sampling
Applied to heterogeneous group to obtain a representative sample. The population is divided into several strata and the items are selected from each stratum to constitute a sample. Formation of strata:
On the basis of common characteristics of items. Strata are purposively formed & based on experience. personal judgment of the researcher. consideration of the relationship between the characteristics of the population & the characteristics to be estimated are used to define the strata.
Stratified sampling
Selection of items from each stratum
Simple random sampling/Systematic sampling.
Cluster sampling
To divide the area into a number of smaller non-overlapping areas and then to randomly select a number of these smaller areas with the ultimate sample consisting of all units in these samples units in these small areas of or clusters. Although cluster sampling reduces cost it is less precise than random sampling.
Area sampling
Cluster sampling incase of geographic subdivisions is known as area sampling.
Multi-stage sampling
Multi-stage sampling is applied in big enquiries extending to a considerable large geographical area. Advantages
It is easier to administer than most single stage designs mainly because of the fact that sampling frame under multi-stage sampling is developed in partial units. A large number of units can be sampled for a given cost under multi-stage sampling because of sequential clustering, whereas this not possible in most of the designs.
Multi-stage sampling
Consider, to investigate the working efficiency of nationalized banks in India. Select large primary sampling unit such as states in a country. Select certain districts Select towns and interview all banks in chosen towns. This represents three stage sampling design. This would represent a two stage sampling design with ultimate sampling units being clusters of districts.
If banks are randomly selected at all the stages it is Multistage sampling design
ILLUSTRATION
City number No. of departmental stores 35 17 10 32 70 28 26 19 26 66 37 44 33 29 28 Cumulative total Sample
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
35 52 62 94 164 192 218 237 263 329 366 410 443 472 500
10
60
110
160
210
We have 500 departmental stores from which we have to select a sample of 10 stores, the appropriates sampling interval is 50.As we have to use the starting pont of 10,so we add successively increments of 50 till 10 numbers have been selected. The numbers, thus obtained are 10,60,110,160,210,260,310,410 and 460 presented in the column of cumulative totals. From this it is to be concluded that two stores should be selected randomly from city number five and one each from city number 1,3,7,9,10,11,12 and 14. this sample of 10 stores is the sample with probability proportional to size.
460
Sequential Sampling
This is somewhat a complex sample design where the ultimate size of the sample is not fixed in advance but is determined according to mathematical decisions on the basis of information yielded as survey progresses. This design usually adopted under the acceptance sampling plan in the context of statistical quality control.