Structured Cabling

Dr. S.K. Ghosh

School of Information Technology IIT Kharagpur

Structured Cabling System

A Structured Cabling System is a cabling and connectivity products that integrates data, voice, video and various management system of a building

Different Aspects of Cabling

Transmission Media Topology Distribution

Topology (Ethernet Technology)

1. Thick Ethernet 2. Thin Ethernet 3. Twisted Pair Wiring concentrator Physically Star (Logically Ethernet works as Bus) Reliable Easy to locate fault SNMP can be run at the concentrator

Cable Distribution System

Cable Tray Raised Floor Conduit Hung Ceiling / False Ceiling

Structured Cabling System Components

Backbone (Inter Building) Vertical subsystem Horizontal Subsystem (UTP/STP)

Benefits of Structured Cabling System

Redundancy at design stage reduces downtime & repair time Concealed cabling Ease of fault location & repair Flexibility, expandability & modular connecting platform Ease of moves, adds and changes Enhanced end-use understanding and control Continuous product support and warranty Significant long term cost containment

Elements of a Structured Cabling System

Figure 1 Figure 1

Factors
Deregulation of the telecommunications industry enabled cablers to be licensed /registered to install telephony cabling in a customers premises from the network boundary. Additionally, impetus for an integrated approach to voice and data cabling came from the need for both a telephony connection and a computer-networking connection at each desk of a commercial/industrial enterprises. A generic approach to cabling was needed so that new computer networking systems could be installed on an existing generic cabling system without having to abandon the existing cable. Finally there was a need for a structured cabling system which would efficiently cope with the regular move and changes within the office environment, without having to run cables or re-route old cables, a process which greatly disrupt normal office operations.

Generic Cabling Standards

Generic structured cabling standards evolved in the 1990s to meet these needs. In North America, the EIA/TIA 568 standard was promulgated. International Standard, IS 11801 was produced. In Australia / New Zealand, our own AS/NZS 3080 standard was produced by an industry committee of Standards Australia. AS/NZS 3080 is closely modeled on IS11801. All three standards have been progressively updated as cable and components have increased in transmission quality enabling larger bandwidth to be utilized and higher and yet higher data rates to be supported.

Structured Cabling Components

The generic AS/NZS 3080:2002 cabling standard is based on: Cabling using twisted pair copper and optical fiber Outlets using 8 pin modular plugs and sockets commonly; typically dual 8 pin modular sockets are installed as a minimum. This providing an outlet for a telephone connection and an outlet for a computer network connection at each work station position. Cable termination administration points using 8 pin modular jack patch panels or insulation displacement modules. Cross-connection changes at the cable termination administration points are made by RJ45 patch cords or twisted pair jumpers for insulation displacement termination modules. In the case of optical fiber, cross connection changes at these central administration points

Twisted Pair Cable Descriptions The most common (and lowest cost) twisted pair cabling is unshielded twisted pair (UTP). It is produced in 4 pair, 24/25 pair and 96/100 pair sizes. A foil shielded version of the twisted pair is FTP. An aluminum shield is wrapped around all pairs under a PVC sheath. The purpose of FTP is to prevent high intensity electromagnetic interference entering the cable. A version of twisted pair cable in which the individual pairs are shielded from each other using an aluminum foil around each pair is called shielded twisted pair or STP or ScTP. The purposes of individually shielding pairs is to reduce cross-talk interference between the pairs.

Categories of Transmission and Classes of Operation

To distinguish between the various levels of transmission quality in both cable and termination components, the term Category is used. Ordinary telephone (voice) quality twisted pair is Category 1 and it only supports low bandwidth classes of operation such as the telephone/fax/basic internet connection. Category 5 is commonly used in 4 pair structured cabling of office floors to the desk outlets. Category 5 supports 1000Mb/s data rates on a bandwidth of 100 MHz using all 4 pairs of a 4 pair cable; typical system operation is Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mb/s). Category 6 cable supports a bandwidth of 250 MHz and operation of Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mb/s) on 2 of the 4 pairs of a 4 pair cable using them as go/return pairs. Category 5 and Category 6 twisted pair cables are available in both UTP and FTP. Category 7 twisted pair is under development expected to be STP (ScTP)

.What Cable Characteristic(s) Determine its Category? The primary determinate of transmission quality is the frequency and accuracy of the twist rate of each pair as well as the uniformity and accuracy of its physical construction.

Category 1 twisted pair (ordinary telephone cable) has a very loose and infrequent pair twist.

Category 5/6 has a very frequent pair twist with unique twist rates for each pair. A critical aspect of installation is to maintain these pair twist to within 10-13mm of the actual wire termination points at sockets and not to disrupt pair twists and wire geometry through poor installation practices.

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