CHAPTER 1

TRANSPORT

1.2 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

BLOOD AND HAEMOLYMPH

BLOOD AND HAEMOLYMPH

AORTA

OSTIA

HEART

HAEMOCOEL

Haemolymph fills the entire body cavity or haemocoel of an insect

THE FUNCTIONS OF HAEMOLYMPH

Haemolymph transports water, inorganic salts and organic compound throughout the haemocoel

It does not transport respiratory gases

THE COMPOSITION OF HUMAN BLOOD

THE COMPOSITION OF HUMAN BLOOD

THE COMPOSITION OF HUMAN BLOOD

PLASMA

ERYTHROCYTE

LEUCOCYTE

PLATELET

It consists of:Water Ions sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride and bicarbonate ions Plasma proteins :- Albumin , Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulins Hormones Dissolved substances: glucose, amino acid, urea respiratory gases

Biconcave shape Very small large surface area to volume ratio Elastic membrane; so that it can squeeze into the blood capillaries Contain haemoglobin Manufactured in the bone marrow and destroyed in the liver and spleen

Colourless, have nuclei and mitochondria Irregular in shape and larger than erythrocyte Made by the stem cells in bone marrow Important in fighting infections

DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEUCOCYTES

Neutrophil
Engulf and digest bacteria and dead cells

GRANULOCYTES

Eosinophil
Release enzymes that combat inflammation in allergic reaction

Basophil
Involved in combating inflammatory and allergic reaction [produce heparin]

DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEUCOCYTES

Lymphocyte
Produce the immune response against foreign substances

AGRANULOCYTES

Monocyte
Engulf and digest bacteria and dead cells

HUMAN BLOOD VESSELS

CAPILLARIES

ARTERY

VEIN

ARTERY

VEIN

HUMAN BLOOD VESSELS

HUMAN BLOOD VESSELS

HUMAN BLOOD VESSELS

Artery

Capillary

Vein

Thick muscular walls

Thinner muscular walls

THE HUMAN HEART

THE FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE HEART

THE FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE HEART

THE FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE HEART

CARDIAC MUSCLES

THE CIRCULATION OF BLOOD IN HUMANS

THE PUMPING OF THE HEART
The heart is made up of a strong muscle called cardiac muscle. The cells of the cardiac muscle are interconnected; therefore allowing electrical impulses to spread rapidly through the heart as well as stimulating the cardiac muscle cells to contract. The cardiac muscle is myogenic it contracts and relaxes without the need of nerve impulses The contractions of the heart are initiated and coordinated by a pacemaker located in the wall of the right atrium . The pacemaker is called as the sinoatrial (SA) node

THE PUMPING OF THE HEART

The SA node generates impulses which spread to the walls of both atria causing them to contract

BICUSPID VALVE SINOATRIAL NODE

VENTRICLE

THE PUMPING OF THE HEART

From the SA node, the impulses are sent to the AV node

BICUSPID VALVE SINOATRIAL NODE ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) NODE

VENTRICLE

THE PUMPING OF THE HEART

From the AV node, the Purkinje fibres, bundle of His fibres and bundle branches send the impulses to the walls of ventricles causing them to contract

BICUSPID VALVE SINOATRIAL NODE ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) NODE BUNDLE OF HIS FIBRES PURKINJE FIBRES BUNDLE BRANCHES

VENTRICLE

 The pacemaker is controlled by the nervous system and the endocrine system The two nerves are : The parasympathetic nerves slow it down The sympathetic nerves speed it up

The endocrine system involved is the hormone adrenaline which increases the heartbeats during fear, excitement or danger

THE CIRCULATION OF BLOOD IN HUMANS

THE CONTRACTIONS OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLES AROUND VEINS
When skeletal muscles contract, the veins constrict and blood is pushed along the veins. The presence of valves in the veins allow blood to flow in one direction to the heart

THE CONTRACTIONS OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLES AROUND VEINS

THE CONTRACTIONS OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLES AROUND VEINS

THE CONTRACTIONS OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLES AROUND VEINS

HOW BLOOD PRESSURE IS REGULATED

When blood flows along a vessel, it exerts pressure against the walls of the blood vessels. The pressure is known as blood pressure which acts as a force that pumps blood along the arteries and the capillaries A normal blood pressure is 120 / 80 mm Hg. The first number is the systolic pressure ( contraction pressure) and the second number is the diastolic pressure ( relaxation pressure)

THE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE

THE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE

BLOOD AND HAEMOLYMPH

OSTIA openings in heart HEART

AORTA

HAEMOCOEL

Haemolymph fills the entire body cavity or haemocoel of an insect

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM INSECTS

When the heart contracts, it pumps the haemolymph into the haemocoel where exchange of substances between the haemolymph and the body cells takes place When the heart relaxes, the haemolymph is drawn back into the heart through pores called ostia The ostia have valves that close when the heart contracts

Aorta

Ostium

Heart

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS

FISH

HUMAN

AMBHIBIAN

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN FISH

The circulatory system is known as a single circulatory system The heart has two chambers Blood from the ventricle goes to the gill capillaries where gaseous exchange takes place The gill capillaries converge into a vessel that carries the oxygenated blood to the systemic capillaries In the systemic capillaries, oxygen diffuses into the tissue while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the tissues into the blood capillaries The deoxygenated blood returns to the atrium through the vein

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN AMPHIBIANS

The system is known as a double but incomplete circulatory system The heart consists of two atria and one ventricle Blood from both atria enters a single ventricle which pumps the blood through the pulmocutaneous and systemic circulation The pulmocutaneous circulation delivers the deoxygenated blood to the organs involved in gaseous exchange The systemic circulation carries the oxygenated blood to the body tissues and the deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS

The system is known as a double and complete circulatory system Double circulatory system is a system in which blood flows through the heart twice in one complete circulation The system involves pulmonary and systemic circulation

THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS OF INSECTS, FISH, AMPHIBIANS AND HUMANS
ORGANISMS INSECTS FISH AMPHIBIANS HUMANS

TYPE OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM NUMBER OF CHAMBERS IN THE HEART

OPEN

CLOSED AND SINGLE TWO

CLOSED AND DOUBLE THREE

CLOSED AND DOUBLE

FOUR

SEPARATION OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED BLOOD

COMPLETE

INCOMPLETE

COMPLETE