GROUP MEMBERS:

BUSHRA MUBEEN
MAHEEN ARSHAD RAAZIA ABID SHAHIDA PERVEEN KHIZRA RAHMANI

10ES03
10ES250 10ES07 10ES04 10ES06

SUBJECT :

ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

TOPIC OF PRESENTATION: OPTICAL COUPLERS ASSIGNED BY: ENGINEER USMAN ALI KHAN

Overview
Introduction of optical couplers
Construction Optical couplers basics

Types of detectors
Types of optical couplers Specifications of optical couplers Applications

DEFINITON OF OPTICAL COUPLERS

In optical coupler, also called optical isolator, is an

electronic component that transfers an electrical signal or voltage from one circuit to another by utilizing the light , while electrically isolating the two circuits from each other.

CONSTRUCTION

Why we use optical couplers?

Generally, machine-controlling equipment generates

induced noise which may cause malfunctions. This unwanted noise in input signals can be isolated by means of optical couplers. The main purpose of optical isolator is to prevent the high voltage or rapidly changing voltages on one side of the circuit from damaging component or distorting transmission on the other side.

Physical appearance
It is enclosed in the

single package.
It has a appearance of

integrated circuit(IC) or transistor.

Optical couplers basics

The optical couplers is a component that contain two

element required for an optical isolator. 1. Light Emitter 2. Light Detector

Light Emitter

Lie in input side Convert electrical signal into light Typically light emitter is LED.

Light Detector
Detect light coming from emitter.

Convert back into electrical signal.

It is usually used photodiode, phototransistor, photo

Darlington ,LASCR etc.

PHOTODIODE

PFOTOTRANSISTOR

PDOTODARLINGTON

SPECTRAL RESPONSE OF SILICON

Since silicon has a response to light (spectral response) that peaks at

infrared wavelengths (between 800 and 950 nanometers). silicon devices are preferred as the photo detector section. Matching the infrared LED to the silicon chip provides a maximum transfer of the desired electrical signal.

TYPES OF DETECTOR OF OPTOISOLATOR

The input circuit of an optical coupler is typically an LED but the
output can take several forms. There are many types of detectors used in optical couplers. Few are discussed here.

1- Photodiode optical isolators

2- photo transistor optical isolators 3- Darlington Transistor coupler

4- LASCR optical isolators

5- phototriac optical coupler

Photodiode Optical isolators:

It has a LED at input side and photodiode on output

side.

Phototransistor Optical isolators:

When the input voltage forward biases the light

transmitted to the phototransistor turns it on producing current through the external load.

Darlington transistor coupler:

It is used when increased output current capability is

needed beyond that provided by the phototransistor output.

LASCR output coupler:

This device can be used in applications where a low level input voltage is required to attain a high voltage for the purpose of activating some type of electromechanical device.

Photo triacs optical coupler

It contain LED optically coupled to output phototriacs.
Phototriacs contain light sensitive ICs act as a trigger

device.

Types of optical couplers

There are two types of optical couplers:
1. Slotted optical couplers
2. Reflective optical couplers

1. Slotted optical couplers:

Slot is molded into package between LED and phototransistor. An air gap between its section. Light can blocked by placing opaque object in slot.

Application of slotted optical couplers

It is used in following :
End-of-tape detection

Limit switching
Liquid level detection Punch card reader

2.Reflective optical couplers

LED and photo sensor are optically screened.
The object sited short distance outside, in line with LED

and sensor.

Application of reflective optical couplers

It is used in following:
Tape position detection.

Smoke or fog detection

speed measurement

Specification of the optical couplers:

Isolation voltage

Current transfer ratio

LED Trigger current

Transfer gain
Soldering temperature Isolation Resistance Isolation capacitance

APPLICATION OF SLOTTED OPTOCOUPLER

The slotted optical

coupler is available with photo transistor and photo Darlington photo detectors The package normally has an air gap between its two sections measuring about oneeighth of an inch in width.

 The infrared light beam that

links the two sections of an opto coupler can be broken by the mechanical insertion of any thin object
As the infrared light beam is

interrupted, pulses are generated at the output of the coupler.

rotational speed of the disk can

be measured, and motor speed control can be achieved.

Applications:
As Solid state Relay.
As a switching time reducer Noise reduction. Modem-telephone connections.

Modem-telephone connections:
Two optical couplers are employed

for upstream signals and downstream signals. Allows computer to be connected to a telephone line without risk of damage from electrical transients(surges or spikes). Modem using optical isolator provides superior protection against surges as compared with modems having surge suppressers.

Solid state Relay:

SSR(solid state relay)is a circuit that uses a dc input voltage to pass or

block an ac signal. When the dc input has the polarity shown(below),the waveform at the input (ac1) is coupled to the ac output(ac2)and thus to the load. As long as the dc potential remains , ac signal will be coupled to load and if dc source is removed output goes open circuit and ac signal is blocked from the load.

As a switching time reducer:

Output being taken from the collectorbase diode. In this mode of operation, the emitter is left open, the load resistor is connected between the base and ground. collector is tied to the positive voltage supply . Using the coupler in this way reduces the switching time from 2 to 3 ms to 100 ns.

Noise Reduction:
an electrical shield in the optical path between LED and photodiode reduces noise transmission making optical coupler useful in signal transmission in high-induced noise environments.

Further Advantages:
1 2 3
Provides different grounds for input and output sections. Loading(output)doesnt affect the input section Fastest way of transferring data. Small interfacing devices are used for large voltages. .they are not affected by electromagnetic fields as light is composed of photons.

small sized. light weight.