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Outline
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Introduction Communication Processes Naming Synchronization Consistency and Replication Fault Tolerance Security Distributed Object-based Systems Distributed File Systems Distributed Document-based systems Distributed Coordination-based Systems
Introduction
Chapter 1
1.1
A distributed system organized as middleware Note that the middleware layer extends over multiple machines
Access
Location
Migration
Relocation Replication Concurrency Failure Persistence
Scalability Problems
Concept Example
Centralized services
Centralized data Centralized algorithms
Scaling Techniques
1. Hiding communication latencies 2. Distribution 3. Replication
1.4
1.5
Hardware Concepts
1.6
systems
Multiprocessors (1)
1.7
A bus-based multiprocessor
Multiprocessors (2)
1.8
1-9
a) Grid b) Hypercube
Software Concepts
System
DOS NOS Middleware
Description
Tightly-coupled OS for multi-processors and homogeneous multicomputers Loosely-coupled OS for heterogeneous multicomputers (LAN and WAN) Additional layer atop of NOS implementing general-purpose services
Main Goal
Hide and manage hardware resources Offer local services to remote clients Provide distribution transparency
An overview of DOS (Distributed Operating Systems) NOS (Network Operating Systems) Middleware
1.11
int count = 0;
int blocked_procs = 0; condition unblocked; public: int value () { return count;} void incr () { if (blocked_procs == 0) count = count + 1; else
signal (unblocked);
}
1.14
1.15
Yes
No No No
Not necessary
Not necessary Necessary Necessary
b)
c)
1.18
1-19
1-20
1.21
Positioning Middleware
1-22
1.23
In an open middleware-based distributed system, the protocols used by each middleware layer should be the same, as well as the interfaces they offer to applications
Scalability
Openness
No
Closed
Moderately
Closed
Yes
Open
Varies
Open
A comparison between multiprocessor OS, multicomputer OS, network OS, and middleware based distributed systems
A sample server
1-27 b
Processing Level
1-28
The general organization of an Internet search engine into three different layers
1-29
1-30
Modern Architectures
1-31