Muscle tissue properties

Contractile Excitable Extensible Elastic

Functions of Muscle: 1. Produce movement Locomotion/manipulation (skeletal) Blood pressure (cardiac) Propulsion ( smooth) 2. Maintain posture or body position 3. Support soft tissues (abdominal muscles) 4. Guard entrance/exit (lips, anus) 5. Store nutrients

Muscle tissue terminology

Fiber skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscle cell Myofibrils Myofilaments

Actin thin filaments Myosin thick filaments

Sarcolemma plasma membrane Sarcoplasm cytoplasm

Muscle tissue types

Skeletal

Striated, voluntary

Cardiac

Heart, striated, involuntary

Nonstriated, involuntary

Smooth

* Skeletal Muscle 1000X striations across muscle fiber

nucleus long parallel fibers

Skeletal Muscle
voluntary muscle, nervous system consciously controls the contraction multinucleated striated attach to skeletons shorten when they contract work in antagonistic pairs

Skeletal muscle fiber

Cylindrical

10-100 m diameter Varied length up to entire muscle

Formed by cell fusion Multinucleated

Peripheral nucleus

Striated Seen under LM

Microanatomy of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Some vocabulary: Skeletal muscle fiber or myofiber Sarcolemma Sarcoplasm Sarcoplasmic reticulum Myofibril Myofilaments

Fig 9-3

Myofilaments

Myofiber

Myofibrils

Myofilaments Actin & Myosin

T tubules
Invaginations of sarcolemma Runs between myofibrils Conducts electrical impulses from sarcolemma Excites SR to release Ca++

Sarcoplasmic reticulum
SR surrounds each myofibril Stores Ca++

Release Ca++ for contraction Ca++ uptake for relaxation

Sarcomeres
Thick and Thin Filaments are organized in repeating functional units Each myofibril has linear arrangement of ~ 10,000 sarcomeres Banded appearance (striation) due to arrangement of thick and thin filaments Interaction of thick and thin filaments responsible for skeletal muscle fiber contraction

Sarcomere Structure

Z - line I - band = LIght band A- band = dArk band

Thin Filament: Actin F-actin

G-actin

Thick Filament: Myosin

Muscle fiber

Myofibrils
Bundles of myofilaments Z discs A band actin & myosin overlap I band actin only H zone myosin only Sarcomere Z to Z Striations alignment of myofilaments & myofibrils
myofibril

Skeletal muscle CT
Epimysium surrounds entire muscle/organ Perimysium surrounds muscle fascicle Endomysium surrounds individual muscle fiber

Sliding filament theory

Muscle contracts by actin and myosin sliding past each other Myosin forms cross-bridges that attach to actin Cross bridges all swing in same direction and pull actin along Increased overlap of filaments results in contraction of muscle

Sliding filament theory

Actin and myosin do not shorten A band does not change I band shortens Sarcomere shortens

The NMJ
Neuromuscular Junction Axon terminal

Mitochondria Synaptic vesicles ACh

Synaptic cleft Motor end plate

AChR AP to muscle fiber

Muscle contraction
AP to axon terminal ACh released AChR activated Muscle excited Excitation travels down t-tubule SR releases Ca++ Ca++ activates sliding filament process Muscle contracts

Motor Unit
Definition: a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. When a motor neuron fires, all muscle fibers in the motor unit contract.

All or none principle

A motor unit may contain hundreds to four muscle fibers (average ~ 150) Each muscle fibers receives one NMJ

Summary: skeletal muscle fibers

muscle

myofibril

fascicle

fiber

Myofilaments :actin & myosin

Development of Myofibers from

Myoblasts

Some Myoblasts do not fuse

satelite cells in endomysium

regeneration of muscle

Cardiac muscle
Only in heart Sliding filament theory Striated No NMJ

Cardiac muscle cells

15 m wide X 100 m long Branched Intercalated discs

Desmosomes

adhesion

Gap junctions
transmit electrical impulses Forms two networks atrial and ventricular

Cardiac muscle cells

Central 1-2 nuclei Mitochondria numerous Less SR More T tubules Myofibrils Sarcomeres

A band I band Z disc H zone Striated

* Cardiac Muscle 1000X

striations

nucleus

intercalated disc

short branching cells; intercalated discs at cell junctions

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle
Six major locations

Blood vessels Respiratory system Digestive system Urinary system Reproductive system Eye (lens and iris) Actin & myosin No myofibrils no striations

Sliding filament theory applies

Smooth muscle fibers

Spindle shaped

2-10 m diameter 20-200 m long

Nonstriated Central nucleus Arranged in sheets

Usually in layers around a tube Peristalsis - waves of contraction to propel contents along tube

Smooth muscle properties

Slower to contract vs. skeletal muscle Slower to relax vs. skeletal muscle Can maintain contraction longer Resistant to fatigue Unconscious control

ANS autonomic nervous system Stretch Hormones

Smooth muscle organization

Single unit innervation

Smooth muscle fibers connected by gap junctions Network receives single innervation Coordinated contraction Each fiber innervated Locations
Iris of eye Arrector pili muscle of skin

Multiunit innervation

Smooth Muscle 400X intestinal wall

Smooth muscle

Lacks troponin complexes Calmodulin

* Smooth Muscle (teased) 400X

nucleus

spindle shape cell