Diode Circuits or Uncontrolled Rectifier Rectification: The process of converting the alternating voltages and currents to direct currents

The main disadvantages of half wave rectifier are:

High ripple factor, Low rectification efficiency, Low transformer utilization factor, and, DC saturation of transformer secondary winding.

Performance Parameters

L ! Pdc / Pac rectification effeciency

Vac !
2 Vrms 2  Vdc

FF ! Vrms / Vdc form factor

ripple factor
Vac RF ! ! Vdc
2 Vrms 2  Vdc

Vdc

2 Vrms 2 Vdc

 1 ! FF  1

THDi !

2 IS

2 I S1

2 I S1

2 IS 2 I S1

1

THDv !

VS2  VS21
2 VS 1

VS2
2 VS 1

1

P VS I S1 cos J1 I S1 PF ! ! ! cos J1 VS I S VS I S IS ! Distortion Factor * Displacement Faactor

Single-phase half-wave diode rectifier with resistive load.

Vdc

Vm 1 ! Vm sin [t d[t ! T 2T 0
Vm 1 2 2 Vm sin [t d[t ! 2 2T 0
T

I dc

Vdc Vm ! ! R T R

Vrms !

I rms

Vrms Vm ! ! R 2R
Vm ! 2R

the load and diode currents

IS ! ID

Example 1: The rectifier shown in Fig.2.1 has a pure resistive load of R Determine (a) The efficiency, (b) Form factor (c) Ripple factor (d) Peak inverse voltage (PIV) of diode D1.
Vdc
Vrms

Vm Vm 1 ! Vm sin([t ) d[t ! ( cos T  cos(0)) ! T 2T 2T

I dc

Vdc Vm ! ! R TR

V 1 (Vm sin [t ) 2 ! m ! 2T 2

I rms

Vm ! 2R

L!

Pdc V *I ! dc dc Pac Vrms * I rms

Vrms FF ! Vdc

Vac RF ! ! FF 2  1 ! 1.57 2  1 ! 1.211 Vdc

Vm 2 ! T ! 1.57 ! Vm 2 T

Vm Vm * T TR ! ! 40.53% Vm Vm * 2 2R

(d) It is clear from Fig2.2 that the PIV is

Vm

Half Wave Diode Rectifier With R-L Load

Fig.2.3 Half Wave Diode Rectifier With R-L Load

[t  Vm i ([t ) ! sin [t  J  sin J e tan J Z F  Vm i( F ) ! sin F  J  sin J e tan J ! 0 Z

Vm Vm * sin [t d[t ! * (1  cos F ) Vdc ! 2T 0 2T

Vrms 1 Vm 2 ! * (Vm sin [t ) dwt ! * F  0.5(1  sin( 2 F ) 2T 0 2 T
F

Single-Phase Full-Wave Diode Rectifier

Center-Tap Diode Rectifier

Vdc
Vrms

2 Vm 1 Vm sin [t d[t ! ! T T

I dc

2 Vm ! T R
Vm ! 2 R

1 ! T

Vm sin [t
0

Vm d[t ! 2 2Vm

I rms

PIV of each diode =

IS ! ID

Vm ! 2R

Example 3. The rectifier in Fig.2.8 has a purely resistive load of R Determine (a) The efficiency, (b) Form factor (c) Ripple factor (d) TUF (e) Peak inverse voltage (PIV) of diode D1 and(f) Crest factor of transformer secondary current.

Pdc Vdc * I dc L! ! Pac Vrms * I rms

2 Vm 2 Vm * T TR ! ! 81.05% Vm Vm * 2 2R

Vrms FF ! Vdc

Vm 2 ! T ! 1.11 ! 2 Vm 2 2 T

Vac RF ! ! FF 2  1 ! 1.112  1 ! 0.483 Vdc

The PIV is

2Vm

Single-Phase Full Bridge Diode Rectifier With Resistive Load

Example 4 single-phase diode bridge rectfier has a purely resistive load of R=15 ohms and, VS=300 sin 314 t and unity transformer ratio. Determine (a) The efficiency, (b) Form factor, (c) Ripple factor, (d) The peak inverse voltage, (PIV) of each diode, , and, (e) Input power factor.

2V 1 Vdc ! Vm sin [t d[t ! m ! 190.956 V T 0 T

Vrms 1 T 2 V !  m sin [t d[t T 0
1/ 2

I dc

2 Vm ! ! 12.7324 A T R

Vm ! 212.132 V 2

Pdc Vdc I dc L! ! ! 81.06 % Pac Vrms I rms

Vrms FF ! ! 1.11 Vdc

2 2 2 Vrms  Vdc Vac Vrms RF ! ! !  1 ! FF 2  1 ! 0.482 2 Vdc Vdc Vdc

The PIV=300V

VS I S cos J Re al Power ! !1 Input power factor = Apperant Power VS I S

Full Bridge Single-phase Diode Rectifier with DC Load Current

2 bn ! I o * sin n[t d[t T

0

2 Io ? cos n[t AT ! 0 nT

2 Io 4 Io ?cos 0  cos nT A ! ! for n ! 1, 3, 5, ............. nT nT

4 Io 1 1 1 1 i (t ) ! * (sin [t  sin 3[t  sin 5[t  sin 7[t  sin 9[t  ..........) T 3 5 7 9

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 @THD( I s (t )) !       ! 46% 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

4 Io I S1 ! 2T

2 IS Io 1 ! @THD ( I s (t )) ! I 1 ! 4 I o S1 2T

2T 4

 1 ! 48.34%

Example 5 solve Example 4 if the load is 30 A pure DC

From example 4 Vdc= 190.986 V, Vrms=212.132 V I dc ! 30 A and I rms = 30 A Vrms Pdc Vdc I dc FF ! ! 1.11 L! ! ! 90 % Vdc P V I
ac rms rms

Vac RF ! Vdc

2 2 2 Vrms  Vdc Vrms ! !  1 ! FF 2  1 ! 0.482 2 Vdc Vdc

The PIV=Vm=300V 4 Io 4 * 30 I S1 ! ! ! 27.01A 2T 2T Re al Power ! Input Power factor= Apperant Power

VS I S1 * cos J I S1 * cos J 27.01 ! ! *1 ! 0.9 Lag VS I S IS 30

Effect Of LS On Current Commutation Of Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier.

2[Ls I o 1 u ! cos 1  Vm

Vrd

 4[ LS I o ! ! 4 f LS I o 2T

Vdc actual ! Vdc

2 2Io Is ! T

without sourceinduc tan ce

 Vrd

T u 2  3

8I o u * sin I S1 ! 2 2 Tu

2Vm !  4 fLs I o T 2 sin u pf !

T u u T  2 3

Example 6

Single phase diode bridge rectifier connected to 11 kV, 50 Hz, source inductance Ls=5mH supply to feed 200 A pure DC load, find: (i) Average DC output voltage, (ii) Power factor. And (iii) Determine the THD of the utility line current.

Vm ! 11000 * 2 ! 15556V

Vdc actual

2 *15556 !  4 * 50 * 0.005 * 200 ! 9703V T

2[Ls I o 2 * 2 * T * 50 * 0.005 * 200 1 ! cos 1  u ! cos 1  ! 0.285 rad . Vm 15556

1

I S1 u pf ! * cos ! IS 2
2 2I o T u 2  3 ! T

2 * sin u T u u T  2 3

2 * sin 0.285 T .285 0.285 T  3 2

! 0.917

IS !

2 * 200 2 T 0.285 2  3 ! 193.85 A T

8I o u * sin ! I S1 ! 2 2 Tu
2

8 * 200 0.285 * sin ! 179.46 A 2 T * 0.285 2

2 IS 193.85 THDi ! I  1 ! 179.46  1 ! 40.84% S1

Three-Phase Half Wave Rectifier

Vdc

3 ! 2T

5T / 6 T /6

Vm sin [t d[t !
5T / 6 T /6

3 3 Vm ! 0.827Vm 2T

I dc

3 3 Vm 0.827 * Vm ! ! R 2 *T * R

Vrms
I rms

3 ! 2T

Vm sin [t

1 3* 3 d[t !  Vm ! 0.8407 Vm 2 8T

0.8407 Vm ! R

08407 Vm Vm Ir ! IS ! ! 0.4854 R R 3
2 VLL ! 3 Vm

ThePIV of the diodes is

Example 7 The rectifier in Fig.2.21 is operated from 460 V 50 Hz supply at secondary side and the load ; resistance is R=20. If the source inductance is negligible, determine (a) Rectification efficiency, (b) Form factor (c) Ripple factor (d) Peak inverse voltage (PIV) of each diode.

460 ! 265.58 V , Vm ! 265.58 * 2 ! 375.59 V VS ! 3

Vdc 3 3 Vm ! ! 0.827 Vm 2T

Vrms ! 0.8407 Vm

3 3 Vm 0827 Vm I dc ! ! 2T R R 0.8407 Vm I rms ! R

Pdc Vdc I dc ! ! 96.767 % L! Pac Vrms I rms Vrms ! 101.657 % FF ! Vdc

2 2 2 Vrms  Vdc Vac Vrms RF ! ! !  1 ! FF 2  1 ! 18.28 % 2 Vdc Vdc Vdc

The PIV=

3 Vm=650.54V

Three-Phase Half Wave Rectifier With DC Load Current and zero source induct

New axis

1 a0 ! 2T
T /3

Io I o d[t ! 3 T / 3

T /3

Io 1 T /3 an ! I o * cos n[t dwt ! nT ?sin n[t AT / 3 T T / 3 Io * 3 for n ! 1,2,7,8,13,14,.... ! nT Io * 3 for n ! 4,5,10,11,16,17 ! nT ! 0 for all treplean harmonics
I s (t ) ! IO 3I O 1 1 1 1 1  sin [t  sin 2[t  sin 4[t  sin 5[t  sin 7[t  sin 8[t  ... T 3 2 4 5 7 8
2

IS THD( I s (t )) ! I S1

I / 3 1 ! o 1 ! 3I O T 2

2 *T 2  1 ! 1.0924 ! 109.24% 9

Example 8 Solve example 7 if the load current is 100 A pure DC

Vdc 3 3 Vm ! ! 0.827 Vm ! 310.613V 2T

I dc ! 100 A

Vrms ! 0.8407 Vm ! 315.759 V

Pdc Vdc I dc 310.613 * 100 ! ! ! 98.37 % L! Pac Vrms I rms 315.759 *100

I rms ! 100 A

Vrms ! 101.657 % FF ! Vdc

2 2 2 Vrms  Vdc Vac Vrms RF ! ! !  1 ! FF 2  1 ! 18.28 % 2 Vdc Vdc Vdc

The PIV=

3 Vm=650.54V

Three-Phase Full Wave Rectifier With Resistive Load

IL Ip Is
1 3 5

VL

a b c
4 6 2

Vdc

3 ! T

2T / 3 T /3

3 3 Vm 3 2 VLL ! ! 1.654Vm ! 1.3505VLL 3 Vm sin [t d[t ! T T

I dc
Vrms

3 3 Vm 1.654Vm 3 2 VLL 1.3505VLL ! ! ! ! T R TR R R

3 ! T
2T / 3 T /3

 3 Vm sin [t d[t !
2

3 9* 3  Vm ! 1.6554 Vm ! 1.3516VLL 2 4T

I rms

1.6554 Vm ! R

1.6554 Vm Vm ! 0.9667 Ir ! R R 3
I S ! 0.9667 2 Vm R

Example 10 The rectifier shown in Fig.2.30 is operated from 460 V 50 Hz supply and the load resistance is R=20ohms. If the source inductance is negligible, determine (a) The efficiency, (b) Form factor (c) Ripple factor (d) Peak inverse voltage (PIV) of each diode .

Vdc

3 3 Vm ! ! 1.654Vm ! 621.226 V T

3 3 Vm 1.654Vm I dc ! ! ! 31.0613 A R T R 3 9* 3 Vrms !  Vm ! 1.6554 Vm ! 621.752 V 2 4T

I rms 1.6554 Vm ! ! 31.0876 A R

Pdc Vdc I dc L! ! ! 99.83 % Pac Vrms I rms

Vrms FF ! ! 100.08 % Vdc

Vac RF ! Vdc
The PIV=
2 2 2 Vrms  Vdc Vrms 2 ! !  1 ! FF  1 ! 4 % 2 Vdc Vdc

3 Vm=650.54V

Three-Phase Full Wave Rectifier With DC Load Current

2 bn ! T

5T / 6 T /6

I o * sin n[t d[t

2 Io 5 / ? cos n[t ATT/ 66 nT

2 Io 2 Io 2 Io 2 Io 2 Io 3 , b5 ! ( 3 ), b7 ! (  3 ), b11 ! ( 3 ), b13 ! ( 3 ),.......... b1 ! 5T 7T 11T 13T T bn ! 0, for n ! 2,3,4,6,8,9,10,12,14,15,.............

I s (t ) !

2 3I o T

1 1 1 1 sin [t  sin 5v [t  sin 7[t  sin 11[t  sin 13[t 5 7 11 13

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 THD ( I s (t )) !        5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25

! 31%

IS !

2 I o I S1 ! 3
2

2* 3 Io T
2/3 2*3/T
2

IS THD ( I s (t )) ! I 1 ! S1

 1 ! 31.01%

I S1 I S1 Power Factor = * cos(0) ! IS IS

2[ LS I o u ! cos 1  VLL

1

Vrd

6[ LI o ! ! 6 fLI o 2T

Vdc actual ! Vdc

2 2Io IS ! T

without sourceinduc tan ce

 Vrd ! 1.35VLL  6 fLI o

T u 3  6

I S1

2 6 Io u ! sin Tu 2

I S1 u pf ! cos ! IS 2

2 6 Io u sin Tu 2

3 * sin u u cos ! 2 2 2Io T u T u u T  3  6 T 3 6

Example 11 Three phase diode bridge rectifier connected to tree phase 33kV, 50 Hz supply has 8 mH source inductance to feed 300A pure DC load current Find; Commutation time and commutation angle. DC output voltage. Power factor. Total harmonic distortion of line current.

2[ LS I o u ! cos 1  VLL

1

u ! 0.2549 rad . ! 14.61

Vdc

actual

! Vdc

without sourceinduc tan ce

 Vrd ! 1.35VLL  6 fLI d

Vdcactual !1.35 * 33000  6 * 50 * .008 * 300 ! 43830V 3 * sin u 3 sin 0.2549 pf ! ! ! 0.9644
T u u T  3 6 T 0.2549 0.2549 * T  6 3

2 2I d T u 2 * 300 2 Is ! 3  6 ! T T

T 0.2549 *  ! 239.929 A 6 3

4 3 Io 4 3 * 300 0.2549 u sin * 2 3 ! * sin I S1 ! ! 233.28 A Tu 2 T * 0.2549 * 2 2 2

I S1 0.2549 u 233.28 * cos ! * cos pf ! ! 0.9644 Is 2 2 239.929

2 IS 239.929 THDi ! I  1 ! 233.28  1 ! 24.05% S1 2