Statically Indeterminate Structures

Advantages & Disadvantages

For a given loading, the max stress and deflection of an indeterminate structure are generally smaller than those of its statically determinate counterpart Statically indeterminate structure has a tendency to redistribute its load to its redundant supports in cases of faulty designs or overloading

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Statically Indeterminate Structures

Advantages & Disadvantages
Although statically indeterminate structure can support loading with thinner members & with increased stability compared to their statically determinate counterpart, the cost savings in material must be compared with the added cost to fabricate the structure since often it becomes more costly to construct the supports & joints of an indeterminate structure Careful of differential disp of the supports as well
Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Statically Indeterminate Structures

Method of Analysis
To satisfy equilibrium, compatibility & force-disp forcerequirements for the structure

Force Method Displacement Method

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Force Method of Analysis: General Procedure

From free-body diagram, there would be 4 freeunknown support reactions 3 equilibrium eqn Beam is indeterminate to first degree Use principle of superposition & consider the compatibility of disp at one of the supports Choose one of the support reactions as redundant & temporarily removing its effect on the beam
Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Force Method of Analysis: General Procedure

This will allow the beam to be statically determinate & stable Here, we will remove the rocker at B As a result, the load P will cause B to be displaced downward By superposition, the unknown reaction at B causes the beam at B to be displaced upward
Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Force Method of Analysis: General Procedure

Assuming +ve disp act upward, we write the necessary compatibility eqn at the rocker as:
0 ! ( B  (' BB (' BB ! B y f BB
( ' BB ! upward disp at B B y ! unknown reaction at B f BB ! linear flexibility coefficient

0 ! ( B  B y f BB

sub second eqn into first eqn , we get :

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Force Method of Analysis: General Procedure

Using methods in Chapter 8 or 9 to solve for (B and fBB, By can be found Reactions at wall A can then be determined from eqn of equilibrium The choice of redundant is arbitrary

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Force Method of Analysis: General Procedure

The moment at A can be determined directly by removing the capacity of the beam to support moment at A, replacing fixed support by pin support The rotation at A caused by P is UA The rotation at A caused by the redundant MA at A is UAA
Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Force Method of Analysis: General Procedure

Similarly, U ' AA ! M AE AA Compatibility requires : 0 ! U A  M AE AA

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Maxwell Maxwells Theorem of Reciprocal Disp: Betti Bettis Law

The disp of a point B on a structure due to a unit load acting at point A is equal to the disp of point A when the load is acting at point B

f BA ! f AB
Proof of this theorem is easily demonstrated using the principle of virtual work

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Maxwell Maxwells Theorem of Reciprocal Disp: Betti Bettis Law

The theorem also applies for reciprocal rotations The rotation at point B on a structure due to a unit couple moment acting at point A is equal to the rotation at point A when the unit couple is acting at point B

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Example 10.1
Determine the reaction at the roller support B of the beam. EI is constant.

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Solution
Principle of superposition By inspection, the beam is statically indeterminate to the first degree. The redundant will be taken as By. We assume By acts upward on the beam.

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Solution
Compatibility equation

( o) 0 ! ( B  B y f BB eqn(1) ( B and f BB are easily obtained using standard table. 9000kNm 3 576m 3 ; f BB ! (B ! EI EI Sub into eqn (1) : 9000 576 0!  By B y ! 15.6kN EI EI
Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Example 10.4
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam. EI is constant. Neglect the effects of axial load.

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Solution
Principle of Superposition Since axial load is neglected, the beam is indeterminate to the second degree. The 2 end moments at A & B will be considered as the redundant. The beams capacity to resist these moments is removed by placing a pin at A and a rocker at B.

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Solution
Compatibility eqn Reference to points A & B requires

0 ! U A  M AE AA  M BE AB 0 ! U B  M AE BA  M BE BB

eqn (1) eqn (2)

The required slopes and angular flexibility coefficients can be determined using standard tables.
UA ! E AA 151.9 118.1 ; UA ! EI EI 2 2 1 ! ; E BB ! ; E AB ! E BA ! EI EI EI

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Solution
Compatibility eqn
Sub into eqn (1) and (2)gives : 151.9 2 1  M A  M B 0! EI EI EI 118.1 1 2  M A  M B 0! EI EI EI M A ! 61.9kNm; M B ! 28.1kNm,

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Composite Structures
Composite structures are composed of some members subjected only to axial force while other members are subjected to bending If the structure is statically indeterminate, the force method can conveniently be used for its analysis

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Example 10.10
The beam is supported by a pin at A & two pin-connected bars at B. Determine the force in member BD. Take E = 200GPa & I = 300(106)mm4 for the beam and A = 1800mm2 for each bar.

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Solution
Principle of superposition The beam is indeterminate to the first degree. Force in member BD is chosen as the redundant. This member is therefore sectioned to eliminate its capacity to sustain a force.

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Solution
Compatibility eqn With reference to the relative disp of the cut ends of member BD, we require

0 ! ( BD  FBD f BDBD

(1)

The method of virtual work will be used to compute (BD and fBDBD

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Solution
Compatibility eqn For (BD we require application of the real loads and a virtual unit load applied to the cut ends of the member BD. We will consider only bending strain energy in the beam & axial strain energy in the bar. L Mm nNL ( BD ! dx  0 EI AE

EI (0)(1)(1.8 / cos 45o )  AE

0

3 (30 x  3.333 x 3 )(0) dx

(69.3)(0.816)(1.8 / cos 30 o )  AE

! 0.326mm
Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Solution
Compatibility eqn For fBDBD we require application of a real unit load & a virtual unit load at the cut ends of member BD. f BD ! !

m2 n2L dx  EI AE EI (0.816) 2 (1.8 / cos 30 o ) (1) 2 (1.8 / cos 45o )   AE AE

3 (0 2 )dx

! 1.092(10 5 )m / kN

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Solution
Compatibility eqn Sub into eqn (1) yields

0 ! ( BD  FBD f BD BD 0 ! 0.0003264  FBD (1.092)(10 5 ) FBD ! 29.9kN (C )

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Additional remarks on the force method of analysis

Flexibility coefficients depend on the material and geometrical properties of the members and not on the loading of the primary structure For a structure having n redundant reactions, we can write n compatibility eqn
(1  f11 R1  f12 R2  ......  f1n Rn ! 0 ( 2  f 21 R1  f 22 R2  ......  f 2 n Rn ! 0 ( n  f n1 R1  f n 2 R2  ......  f nn Rn ! 0
Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Additional remarks on the force method of analysis

(BD are caused by both the real loads on the primary structure and by support settlement & dimensional changes due to temperature differences or fabrication errors in the members The above eqn can be re-cast into a matrix form reor simply: fR ! ( Note that fij=fji Hence, the flexibility matrix will be symmetric
Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method Structural Analysis 7th Edition 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd