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AMINO ACIDS

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Structure

Generally amino acids are defined as the building blocks of proteins. acid residue joined to its neighbour by a specific type of covalent bond. are commonly found in proteins. be discovered was asparagine, in 1806. The last of the 20 to be found, threonine, was not identified until 1938. the common amino acids are alpha-amino acids. are 2 functional groups present in amino acids:

Each amino

Twenty different amino acids The first to All 20 of There

1.Carboxylic group 2.Amino group

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 These amino

carbon atom.

and carboxylic groups are attached to the alpha

R side chain

| H2N C COOH | H

Classification of amino acids based on R group:

The amino acids The polarity of

are grouped into five main classes based on the properties of their R groups , in particular, their polarity. the R groups varies widely, from non polar and hydrophobic (water-insoluble) to highly polar and hydrophilic (water-soluble).

The 5 major groups:

1.Non polar ,aliphatic R group

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3.Polar uncharged R groups 4.Positively charged R groups 5.Negatively charged R groups Non polar ,aliphatic R group:
The R groups

in this class of amino acids are nonpolar and

hydrophobic.
The side chains

of alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine tend to cluster together within proteins, stabilizing protein structure by means of hydrophobic interactions. the simplest structure. Although it is formally nonpolar, its very small side chain makes no real contribution to hydrophobic interactions. one of the two sulfur-containing amino acids, has a nonpolar thioether group in its side chain. has an aliphatic side chain with a distinctive cyclic 3/5/12 structure.

Glycine has

Methionine, Proline

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Aromatic R Groups:
Phenylalanine,

tyrosine, and tryptophan, with their aromatic side chains, are relatively nonpolar (hydrophobic) in hydrophobic interactions. The hydroxyl group of tyrosine can form hydrogen bonds. of these amino acids are more soluble in water, or more hydrophilic. class of amino acids includes serine,threonine, cysteine, asparagine, and glutamine. are those that are either positively or negatively charged. group includes lysine,arginine,histidine.
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All can participate

Polar, Uncharged R Groups:

The R groups This

Positively Charged (Basic) R Groups:

The most hydrophilic R groups This

Negatively Charged (Acidic) R Groups:

The two amino acids having R groups with a net negative charge at pH 7.0 are aspartate and glutamate. which has a second carboxyl group.

Each of

Some of the properties of amino acids: Zwitter ion:

When an amino

acid is dissolved in water, it exists in solution as the dipolar ion, or zwitterion (German forhybrid ion). base. as either an acid (proton donor) or as a

A zwitterion can act

Ampholytes:
Substances

having this dual nature are amphoteric and are often called ampholytes (from amphoteric electrolytes). acid, such 3/5/12 as alanine, is a diprotic acid when fully protonatedit has two

A simple monoamino monocarboxylic alpha- amino

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