Clauses & Sentences

Structure 2

What is a Clause?
A clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a verb. Examples:
The door is open. I bought a book. We live in South Korea. Rudy has been working for years.

Types of Clauses

There are two main types: 1. Independent (main clauses) 2. Dependent (subordinate clauses).

Independent Clause (IC)

An independent clause is a complete sentence; it contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought in both context and meaning. Examples: All students studied hard. They passed the exam. Indonesia is a beautiful country. It has many fascinating islands. Rudy has been working for years. He often makes mistakes.

Coordinating conjunstions
Independent clauses can be joined by a coordinating conjunction (also called a coordinator, links parts of a sentence) to form complex or compound sentences. Coordinating conjunctions are FANBOYS
For And Nor But Or Yet So Examples: All students studied hard, so they passed the exam. Indonesia is a beautiful country and it has many fascinating islands. Rudy has been working for years, yet he often makes mistakes. Would you like to have coffee or tea? She speaks neither German nor Spanish.

Dependent Clause (DC)

A dependent (subordinate) clause is part of a sentence; it contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. It cannot stand alone, so it should be joined to an independent clause to understand the whole sentences. To join IC and DC, we use subordinating conjunctions and relative pronouns.

Subordinating conjunctions
After Before Although Even if As Even though Because If

In order that Since

Though Whenever Whether

Once So that
Unless Where While

Provided that Rather than Than

Until Whereas Why

That
When Wherever How

Relative Pronouns
That Who Whose Which Whoever Whosoever Whichever Whom Whomever

Types of Dependent Clause (DC)

1. Noun Clause 2. Adjective Clause 3. Adverbial Clause

Noun Clause (NC)

A nominal clause (noun clause/NC) functions like a noun or noun phrase. It is a group of words containing a subject and a finite verb of its own and contains one of subordinating conjunctions: that, if, whether, what, where, why, how

Noun Clause Functions

As subject: How he acts in the movie amazes many people. What they said does not change my mind. That the criminal robbed the bank is proven. As object: I was wondering if you could help me with the task. The interview asked me where I worked before. Can you tell me why you did not answer my phone calls? As complement: The presidents main attention is how to reduce the number of crimes. My question is whether you will sue the company for losses.

Adjective Clause (AdjC)

An adjective clause (relative clause) functions as an adjective and describes a noun. It is usually introduced by a relative pronoun: who, whom, whose, that, which, whoever, whomever, whosever, whichever. Adjective clauses answer questions like "which?" or "what kind of?"

Positions of Adjective Clause

Middle position: The book, which I bought yesterday, was gone. The students, whom he teaches, always get good grades. The house whoever owns it must be a very rich man.

Final position: I watched a movie that was very incredible. They found a girl whose clothes were dirty. She adores someone who raises money for charity.

Adverb clause
An adverbial clause (adverb clause) is a word or expression in the sentence that functions as an adverb; that is, it tells you something about how the action in the verb was done. An adverbial clause is separated from the other clauses by any of the following subordinating conjunctions: after, although, as, because, before, if, since, that, though, unless, until, when, where, while, as long as, as soon as, every time, whenever. Adverb clauses answer questions like "when?", "where?", "why?"

Positions of Adverbial Clause

Initial position: While he was walking home, he saw an accident. After she finished dinner, she went to bed. When we are happy, we keep smiling. Final position: I will return the money as soon as I get paid. They kept silent since the teacher came. Many people buy that luxurious cars although the price is expensive.

Sentences

Classification of sentence: by type

1. Declarative sentence 2. Interrogative sentence 3. Imperative sentence 4. Exclamatory sentence

Declarative A declarative sentence "declares" or states a fact, arrangement or opinion. Declarative sentences can be either positive or negative. A declarative sentences ends with a period (.).

Examples
I'll meet you at the train station. The sun rises in the East. He doesn't get up early.

Interrogative The interrogative asks a question. In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb precedes the subject which is then followed by the main verb (i.e., Are you coming ....?). The interrogative form ends with a question mark (?).

Examples
How long have you lived in France? When does the bus leave? Do you enjoy listening to classical music?

Imperative The imperative commands (or sometimes requests). The imperative takes no subject as 'you' is the implied subject. The imperative form ends with either a period (.) or an exclamation point (!).

Examples
Open the door. Finish your homework Pick up that mess.

Exclamatory The exclamatory form emphasizes a statement (either declarative or imperative) with an exclamation point (!).

Examples
Hurry up! That sounds fantastic! I can't believe you said that!

Classification of sentence: by number of full predications

SIMPLE SENTENCE A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green. A. Some students like to study in the mornings. B. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon. C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day. The three examples above are all simple sentences. Note that sentence B contains two subjects, and sentence C contains two verbs. Simple sentences, therefore, contain a subject or more and a verb or more, and express a complete thought.

COMPOUND SENTENCE A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.) Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red. A. I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English. B. Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping. C. Alejandro is lazy, but he always gets good grades. The above three sentences are compound sentences. Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma preceding it.

COMPLEX SENTENCE A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which.
A. When he did his homework and he heard the bell, he forgot to give the teacher the last page. B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error. C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow. D. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies. E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying.

Compound-complex sentence
A compound-complex sentence is made from two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. examples: Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with. independent clause: "I haven't had the time to go lately" independent clause: "I haven't found anyone to go with" dependent clause: "Although I like to go camping... "

Thank you
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