Video time!

http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=O5eMW4b29rg

Glycolysis
sugar splitting Glucose (6C) split into two 3C sugars Occurs in the presence or absence of oxygen Net energy yield (per glucose molecule): 2ATP + 2 NADH

Link Reaction
Pyruvate cannot enter except as acetyl CoA. Catalysed by multi-enzyme complex in MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX Undergoes oxidative decarboxylation Involves oxidation and decarboxylation 1 glucose molecule -> 2 pyruvate molecules -> 2 acetyl CoA molecules

Link Reaction

Krebs cycle

Krebs Cycle
Acetyl-CoA formed from link reaction is oxidised Can only occur in aerobic condition
INPUT per turn 1 Acetyl CoA I ADP 3 NAD+ 1 FAD OUTPUT per turn 2 CO2 1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH2

Points to note!
2 molecules of pyruvate and thus 2 molecules of acetyle CoA are produced from each glucose molecule Thus, the Krebs cycle has to turn twice for each glucose to be oxidised

Roles of NAD and FAD

Dehydrogenation reaction = hydrogen removed Transfer of hydrogen atoms from reduced respiratory substrates to NAD

Roles of NAD & FAD

FAD serves as the hydrogen acceptor ONLY when succinate undergoes dehydrogenation to form fumarate Reduced coenzymes (NADH, FADH2) act as hydrogen carriers Transport hydrogen released during Krebs cycle to the mitrochondrial electron transport chain

Anaerobic Respiration
Without oxygen glucose cannot be fully oxidised, it is only partially broken down Also results in 2 molecules of pyruvate, NADH and ATP per glucose molecule The link reaction and Krebs cycle do not occur as NAD+ and FAD are not regenerated due to the inability for oxidative phosphorylation to take place. In aerobic -> NADH and FADH2 to NAD+ and FAD as electrons are transferred to oxygen via electron carriers

 A constant supply of NAD+ is required for glycolysis to occur Cells transfer electrons in the form of H atoms to Pyruvate in order to keep this steady supply of NAD+ from NADH. Glycolysis and regeneration of NAD+ = FERMENTATION.

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION

LACTATE FERMENTATION

Lactate fermentation in Human Muscles

When oxygen supply is low The break down of ATP > the rate at which oxygen is supplied to the muscle via blood Muscle cells switch to lactate fermentation and incur oxygen debt When aerobic conditions return lactate produced is transported to the liver where it is reconverted back into pyruvate. Pyruvate then is either converted to Acetyl CoA which enters the Krebs cycle, or converted back to glucose-> Glycogen, which is stored in the liver.

Sum up,

PRODUCT YIELD FROM ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION: 1. NET GAIN OF 2 ATP MOLECULES 2. EITHER 2 MOLECULES OF LACTATE 3. OR 2 MOLECULES OF CO2 AND 2 MOLECULES OF ETHANOL

 In terms of efficiency, Aerobic respiration is more efficient as more ATP molecules are formed per mole of Glucose. 40.4% efficiency or aerobic respiration is due to the fact that energy is released at heat during various stages of the process Oxidative phosphorylation does not occur via the ETC and fewer ATP is produced. Therefore Aerobic produces more energy. Much of the energy harvested via anaerobic respiration is permanently locked in ethanol in animals its trapped in lactate. This energy can be salvaged via the presence of oxygen though.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Electron transport chain Chemiosmosis

Electron Transport Chain