Movement of Molecules into & out of the Cell

to maintain homeostasis
Flashback What is a
solution?
Solute: dissolved substances: salt for
example
Solvent: substance dissolving the solute:
water for example
Concentration [ ]: amount of solute in a
solvent
Osmosis
Osmosis is the
diffusion of water
 across a selectively
permeable membrane
 Water flows down its
concentration gradient:
water flows to the side
of the membrane where
the water concentration
is lower
 Water continues to flow
until it reaches an
equilibrium:
concentration of water is
equal on both sides of
the membrane
What controls Osmosis
Isotonic solution:
[solute] is the same
on both sides of the
membrane,
therefore [H2O] is
also the same on
both sides of the
membrane
Water will diffuse
into and out of the
cell at the same rate
Control of Osmosis
Continued
Hypotonic solution:
[solute] outside the
cell is less than
inside the cell,
therefore [H2O] is
higher
Water will diffuse
into cell
Control of Osmosis
Continued
Hypertonic
Solution: [solute]
outside the cell is
higher than inside
the cell, therefore
[H2O] is lower
Water will diffuse
out of the cell
Red Blood Cell (RBC)

* Cell retains * Cell loses * Cell

swells
normal shape water & until it
bursts
shrivels up (lysis)
Osmosis in a Plant Cell

* Hypotonic * Isotonic
*Hypertonic
Plant cells will swell. Plant cell loses
pressure
Cell wall keeps cell plasma membrane
shrinks away
from bursting. cell wall
Cell becomes more firm (turgid).
(plasmolysis)
Ex: misting produce
2 ways to transport
Passive Transport Active Transport
No energy needed Energy needed to
to transport particles transport particles
Down [ ] gradient Against [ ] gradient
Channel protein, Carrier protein or
carrier protein, or transport of large
simple diffusion particles using
through plasma vesicles
membrane
Passive Transport
Passive transport is the movement of particles
down their [ ] gradient across the plasma
membrane without the use of energy
Types of Passive
Transport
Simple diffusion:
small, uncharged
particles move
down their [ ]
gradient:
Example:
Oxygen, or carbon
dioxide
Osmosis: water
moves across
membrane by
simple diffusion or
through special
3. Facilitated Diffusion-Passive
transport using transport proteins
* Channel proteins: channels allow
specific molecules to flow through
(Example: ions)
* Carrier proteins: protein changes
shape to allow substance to pass through
(Example: glucose)
Active Transport
Active Transport: movement of molecules
through carrier protein across membrane
against the [ ] gradient using energy
Transport of Large Particles -
Active
Endocytosis: process
by which cell
surrounds & takes
in material from
environment
Exocytosis: secretion
of material from a
cell (Ex: hormones)
Cell size is limited by the surface area to
volume ratio