SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION & MANAGEMENT IN BUILDINGS : -

Emerging Eco Friendly HVAC Technologies for Energy Conservation

Dr. S.C. Kaushik Professor & Head Centre for Energy Studies Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
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Indian Energy Scenario

India is a major producer and consumer of energy.


It is worlds 11th largest energy producer accounting for about 2.4% of the worlds total annual energy production. It is the 6th largest energy consumer accounting for about 3.7% of the worlds total annual energy consumption. Per capita consumption of energy in India is one of the lowest in the world. Indias energy use efficiency for generating GDP in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is better than the worlds average.

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The energy challenges for India



84 million house holds in the country (44.2% of households) do not have electricity in 2000. The peak power shortage varies from 0 to 25.4% in state to state with all India average of 11.7%(2004). The energy shortage varies form 0 to 20.1% with all India average of 7.3%. For 8-10% growth rate that we aspire for, our energy need will also increase. Along with the quantity the quality is equally important.

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Actual and Predicted Energy Consumption Pattern in India (MOTE)*

Year
Coal Oil Gas Hydro Nuclear Total World %

2005 (Actual)

2030 (Predicted)

167 119 29 7 5 327 3.72

51.07 36.39 8.87 2.14 1.53 100

816 435 224 43 115 1633 10.9

49.96 26.63 13.71 2.63 7.04 100

*MOTE= Million Oil Tones Equivalent

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Coal Supply Scenario



  

The proved reserves of coal at current level of consumption can last up to 80 years. If all the inferred reserves also materialize then it may last for 140 years. If domestic production grows at 5% a year the reserves will run out in 40 years. Only 45% coal bearing areas have been surveyed. In situ coal gasification can increase Indias available energy from domestic resources.

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Reduce Energy requirement



Improvement in energy efficiency or conservation is crucial in creating a domestic energy source base. Improvements can be made in energy extraction, energy conservation, energy transmission, distribution and end use of energy. Recovery in place reserves can be improved easily by 510%by adopting advanced mining of coal, Oil and Gas recovery techniques. The average fuel conversion efficiency is around 30%, it can be increased up to 40-42% by using advanced conversion methods.
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Energy Security through Energy Conservation



Huge Potential in reducing electrical consumption by improving supply side energy efficiency, demand side energy efficiency, electricity T&D and by adopting renewable electricity technologies. Sector-wise Energy Conservation Potential in the country has been estimated as: Industrial- 25%, Agricultural- 30%, Domestic & Commercial- 20%, Transport- 20% and Economy as a whole- 23%.

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Indian Concerns


Indian per capita incomes today are 45 per cent of that of China and 25 per cent of Brazil. By 2030, we could touch present-day Brazils level, but just think: Brazils per capita consumption of electricity today is 1,950 units, while it is still 440 in India (and 1,380 in China). India will need to generate 3,880 billion kilowatt hours of electricity in 2030 to sustain an 8 per cent growth rate. To achieve this, we would need to max our hydro use- tap all our rivers, generate 63,000 MW of Nuclear power and 14,000 from wind farms. Even then, 78 per cent of our electricity would have to come from carbon dioxide emitting coal.

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By, 2030, India will reach the current levels of US carbon emissions, with all its negative implications for global warming. But right now as most Indians know, the problem seems to be having power at all. In just one year- 2006- China added 60,000 MW of electricity generating capacity. In five years of the 10th five year plan, we missed all targets and managed 40,000. Looked at any way, the choice seems to be not so much between nuclear, wind or thermal energy, but energy from whatever source it comes from. As for global warming, we should care more for environmental management & carbon management. Which is of more concern today. Use of Renewable Energy Sources & Energy Efficiency considerations can play & important role. Green Buildings & Eco-Friendly Energy Technologies is a further steps in this direction.

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World Energy Scenario

Enormous energy flux is provided by the sun equivalent to 54.4 x 10 20 kj / year the earth . While the total energy consumed by all humans amounted to 4.3 x 10 17 kj / year which is equivalent to only 0.017%of the solar energy absorbed by earth Surface.

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Renewable Energy Sources: The Economic Growth



Renewable Energy (RE) technologies are fast gaining a foothold on a global level. It can be gauged from the fact that a colossal investment of around $ 38 billion was made on creating new RE capacities alone in 2005. In fact, Germany and China took the investment leads at $ 7 billion each followed closely by USA, Spain, Japan and India. Amongst the RE technologies, biomass power production witnessed a 50-100% increase in annual production capacities in many countries during 2004. Other technologies like Solar Photovoltaics (PV) and biofuels also recorded quite impressive growth patterns.
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Renewable Energy Sources: The Economic Growth



It is now becoming increasingly obvious that we will soon be unable to meet our energy needs via use of coal, oil and gas alone. Historically, RE technologies observed a phenomenal push for a holistic growth during the much talked about oil crisis of early seventies. The interim period between then and now has seen support for RE waxing and waning in accordance with the policy of the day. Surely, time seems to be ripe once again to pump large investments more so for technology up-gradation so as to attain economies of scale. Simultaneously though, steps should be taken to bring down the energy intake vis--vis the use of conventional power.
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Renewable Energy Sources: The Economic Growth



Serious thought needs to be accorded to evaluate the economic competitiveness of all available energy sources in the backdrop of three main parameters. These relate to an increasing gap between demand and supply of conventional power, accompanying transmission and distribution losses and importantly, the Climate change process. Surely, RE is poised for a second big leap forward to lead towards a sustained economic growth in the near future.

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Energy Efficiency: The Environmental Solution



Energy conservation and Energy efficiency are presently the most powerful tools in our transition to a clean energy future. There is a need for maximizing the energy efficiency of industrial operations, building and infrastructure through the use of renewable resources, decentralized co-generation and energy cascading techniques in a manner which optimizes integrated energy flows and minimizes potential global environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions. Implementing these solutions will enable people to step into a new era of energy, one that will bring economic growth, new jobs, technological innovation and most importantly environmental protection.

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Need of Energy Efficient Buildings

Demand for energy is increasing fast day by day and is likely to increase in tune with industrialization/ urbanization The building sector being one of the largest consumers of energy, has gained prominence over the past few decades. 45% of total global energy is used in heating, cooling and lighting of building. 5% energy is used in building construction. In India energy used for air conditioning of commercial buildings accounts for 32% of the total energy consumption in the commercial sector in 1995. Energy consumption patterns can be substantially reduced by energy conserving measures, particularly during the phase of building design. Space heating load can be reduced by about 50%, when economicallyviable insulating measures are applied to the building envelopes, i.e. to ceiling and walls.
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Energy Use Pattern in Buildings

Lighting Air conditioning Other applications 60% 32% 8%

In conventional Indian buildings, energy consumption is 200 kWh per sq. meter This energy consumption can be reduced to 120 kWh per sq. meter by applications of energy efficient building techniques Saving up to 60% can be achieved.

(Source : TERI & BEE, Govt. of India presentations) Heat transfer in buildings

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Energy Conservation Studies in Buildings

% of annual electrical consumption (Commercial buildings in India)
8% Lighting (60%) HAVC (32%) Others (8%) 32%
4% 13% 4% 28%

% of annual electrical consumption (Residential buildings in India)

10%

Lighting (28% ) Airconditioning (7% ) Fans (34% ) EV Coolers (4% )

60%

7%

Refrigeration (13% ) TV (4% ) Others (10% )

34%

Energy consumption patterns can be substantially reduced by energy conserving measures It is essential to conserve the conventional energy by developing the energy efficient buildings In existing building, retrofitting measures should be applied for energy efficiency

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Climatic Zones of India

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Technologies For Solar Space conditioning

Conventional Vapor compression based system for air-conditioning Solar cooling options Photovoltaic Solar Cooling Systems Ranknecyle Solar cooling Systms Vapor absorption Solar Cooling systems Adsorption systems (solid and liquid desiccant cooling systems) Thermoelectic & Thermoacoustic Solar Cooling Systems Hybrid cycles for space conditioning Heat pipe based space conditioning Retrofitting of existing buildings
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Vapor compression cycle

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Scheme of Air-Conditioner

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Window Air-Conditioner

Top View

Side View
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Draw backs of conventional vapor compression refrigeration and Air Conditioning systems
 Large energy is consumed ; mainly high grade energy  Compression work is very high again usage of high grade energy Although Systems Energy efficiency is large High grade energy cost is high ; huge electricity bills Refrigerants (R11,R12 etc) used are non eco friendly * Resulting in ozone layer depletion (ODP) * Large GWP Leakage of CFCs causing environmental problem
Thus both energy shortage and environmental degradation Alternatives must be searched for as Montreal and Kyoto protocols demand phase out of CFCs.
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Vapor absorption based cooling options (solar based)

Instead of high grade energy, low grade energy is used Power requirement is low as compared to conventional VCR Addresses energy and environ mental problems * Solar energy can be directly utilized (Use solar as heat source) * No CFCs leakage problem

Type of vapor absorption refrigeration systems for A/C

Closed cycle vapor absorption solar cooling system  Single effect  Double Effect Open cycle vapor absorption solar cooling system Intermittent and continuous system operation

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Closed cycle Vapor Absorption Solar Cooling System (single effect)

G
4 3

HE
5 6 2 10 9

A
1

Schematic Diagram P-T-X Diagram

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Closed cycle Vapor Absorption Solar Cooling System (double effect)

Gen I
11 4 5 HEX Gen II 3
6 7

14

SHX I

12 8

13

15

SHX II
9 10 2 17 16

A
1

Schematic Diagram

P-T-X Diagram

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Conventional Absorption Systems working fluids

Ammonia Water Absorption System * Refrigerant - Ammonia Absorbent - Water * High operating pressures * It is suitable for refrigeration and airconditioning * High generation temperature * Condenser is both water cooled as well as air cooled * Rectifier is required * COP is low (0.5 to 0.6) * No crystallization problem * Health hazard as it is toxic * Inflammable
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Water-Lithium Bromide Absorption System * Refrigerant - Water Absorbent - Lithium Bromide * Low operating pressures * It is suitable for air-conditioning or heat pump * It is relatively lower * Only water cooling is necessary * Rectifier is not required * COP is high (0.7 to 0.8) * Crystallization is a major problem * It is not toxic * Not flammable
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Open Cycle Vapor Absorption Solar Cooling System

Vacuum pump Solar collector regenerator Main tap water Water vapor

Absorber

Evaporator

SHE CT

Cold stream

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Adsorption Based Cooling Systems (Solid and liquid desiccant based cooling system)
Desiccant based cooling system offers an environmentally benign alternative to conventional system based on vapor compression refrigeration system
SOLID DESICCANT *Adsorption is surface absorption a physical phenomenon * Less degree of dehumidification * Inexpensive materials like Silica gel, molecular sieve, alumina * System is compact * Pressure drop is higher * Poor heat exchange between air streams * Adsorption desorption is not continuous * Easily coupled with conventional VC&AC system
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LIQUID DESICCANT * Absorption is volume absorption a chemical phenomenon * More drying capability * Costly materials like LiBr,LiCl,Cacl2 Glycols with water * It is bulky * Pressure drop is lower * Good heat exchange * Adsorption desorption is continuous * Modifications are necessary for coupling

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Open and closed cycle cooling option

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Scope of desiccant cooling

Desiccant cooling systems are useful when latent heat load is larger than the sensible heat load. A thermal energy input is used to regenerate the desiccant. Advantages of desiccant cooing system: Since ,only air and water are used as working fluids and no fluorocarbons are required thus there is no danger to ozone layer depletion Significant potential for energy savings and reduced consumption of fossil fuels achieved. Electrical energy requirements are 25% less than the conventional V-C refrigeration system. Source of input thermal energy are diverse viz solar, waste heat and natural gas. IAQ is improved due to higher ventilation rates and the capability of desiccants to remove air pollutants. Since Desiccant systems operate at near atmospheric pressure, their construction and maintenance is simple Desiccant systems can be used for summer/ monsoon air conditioner as well as winter heating when regeneration energy can be used for heating

* *

* * *

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Desiccant based cycles

Solid desiccant cycles Ventilation cycle (Pennington) Ventilation Dunkel cycle (recirculation) Modified Ventilation cycle (Dhar) Novel solid desiccant cycle (Kaushik) Liquid desiccant Cycles LOF Gupta & Gandhidasan Liquid desiccant system for ERM  Godara and Jain cycles
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Pennington Ventilation cycle

Block diagram

Psychromteric diagram
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Dunkle ventilation cycle (recirculation )

Block diagram

Psychromteric diagram
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Modified ventilation Cycle

Block diagram

Psychromteric diagram
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Novel Solid Desiccant Cycle (Kaushik et al)

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Schematic Diagram of Liquid Desiccant System (LOF)

Block diagram

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Solar Space Conditioning system Using liquid Desiccant Cycle (Gupta and Gandhidasan)

Block diagram

Psychromteric diagram

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Liquid Desiccant Cooling system (ERM)

Block diagram Psychromteric diagram

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New Liquid Desiccant Cycle (Godara)

Block diagram

Psychromteric diagram

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Hybrid Cycles for Air Conditioning

Useful for capacity up gradation and energy conservation (e.g. high latent load conditions as in Supermarkets).

Outside air Dehumidifier Warm, humid

Hot, Dry

Supply air Cooler Cool, dry

Rejected heat

Heat input

Solid desiccant based hybrid cycle (V-C + Solid Desiccant cycle) Liquid desiccant based hybrid cycle (V-C + Liquid Desiccant cycle)
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Conventional VC Air conditioner

Desiccant Air conditioner

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Hybrid Air conditioner

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Hybrid desiccant cooling system

Block diagram

Psychromteric diagram

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Solid Desiccant Hybrid space Conditioning (recirculation/condenser cycle)

Block diagram

Psychromteric diagram

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Liquid Desiccant Hybrid Space Conditioning

Block diagram

Psychromteric diagram

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Heat Pipe Based Building Space Conditioning

Heat pipe is passive, novel heat transfer device emerged as a major energy conservation device. It is popularly used as waste heat recovery device. In HVAC system, used as summer winter application, hot and humid climate and in combination with indirect evaporative cooling is used. Various applications like Hospitals, Library buildings, Shopping complex e.t.c witnessed the potential as energy saver Heat pipes presence is being felt in HVAC industry.

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Heat Pipe
EVAPORATOR LIQUID CONDENSER

VAPOR

WICK

- Transfers heat from a source to a sink with minimum temperature gradient - Passive heat transfer device with high effective thermal conductivity
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HEAT PIPE WORKING

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A T-S Diagram of working fluid circulation in the heat pipe

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Main Features of Heat Pipes

 

 

Heat transfer with small temperature drop Small pressure drop between the evaporator and the condenser Isothermal boiling-condensing cycle No moving parts -- high reliability and long life Components of Heat pipe Container (usually aluminum and copper ), Wicking structure (capillary effect) Working Fluid (water, ammonia e.t.c)

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Characteristics of Heat Pipe

   

  

Very high thermal conductance, Ability to act as thermal transformer, Isothermalisation of surface, Variable thermal conductance (ability to control) LHP (Loop heat pipe) Thermal diode and thermal switch Flexibility and construction simplicity

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Various Applications
computer industry (note book cooling/laptop), automotive industry (vehicle brake system cooling, engine pre-cooling), aeronautical industry (airplane anti icing system) aerospace industry (Iso Thermalisation of large surfaces, electronics component cooling, satellite radiators) Electronics Industry manufacturing industry (die-casting and injection molding) HVAC industry (waste heat recovery in air conditioning) air

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Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger (Waste heat recovery) Gay (1929) Thermosyphon based HPHE Noju (1968) Thermosyphon Heat Exchanger with fins Joshi (1993) Studies HPHE in HVAC Noie-Baghban and Majideian (2000) HPHE for surgery rooms Mulauci (2006)Thermosyphon based HPHE for A/C application You (2006) HPHE for Building A/C

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Heat Pipe used in Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger

Heat Pipe

Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger

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HVAC applications
 Operation of HPHE during summer and winter  Heat pipe based system for hot and humid climate   Indirect evaporative cooling systems with HPHE * Ventilation * Combination with Direct Evaporative cooler * Coupled with standard Air Conditioning

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HPHE Operation during summer and winter

Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger

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Summer time, the HPHE pre-cools the hot supply air stream before it enters the cooling coil. Thus reducing the size of the cooling coil as compared to what would have been without using HPHE. This system helps in reducing temperature and increases RH. Evaporative cooler could also be used if required. Winter time, the HPHE preheats the cold supply air stream before it enters the heating coil. Thus reducing the size of the heating coil. For both seasons HPHE achieved savings in terms of electricity bills. This kind of HPHE basically recovers heat and helps in reducing the cost of equipment by downsizing the system requirement.

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Summer and Winter operating benefits and energy savings Benefits

* No external energy required * No modification in ducts required

Energy savings
* Heating Equipment savings * Cooling equipment savings * Heating operating savings * Cooling operating savings * Indirect Evaporative cooling savings
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Heat pipe based dehumidifier for A/C application: Hot & Humid climate
Humidity control for material processing, space conditioning of habitable buildings, and industrial drying consumes significant quantities of energy, predominantly electrical energy. Cost of energy is heavy so it is always favorable to recover energy.

Indian Context
 

 

Dehumidifier is good in hot and humid climate South India is the region where average relative humidity (70-90%) And average temperature (> 30oC) Relative humidity control is necessary
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Conclusions
 For building air conditioning option new technology are fastly coming up . These are addressing the need of less energy & more comfort  Environmental concerns raised by VCRS are properly addressed by solar options using VAR and desiccant based cooling system  Hybrid systems are energy efficient for air conditioning  Heat pipe technology a new viable option of energy conservation. HVAC industry will be reaping benefit from the passive heat pipe technology.  Retrofitting of building is desirable for energy conservation point of view.
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Thanks for Your Kind Attention

Your questions are most welcome

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Thanks for Your Kind Attention

Your questions are most welcome

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Thanks for Your Kind Attention

Your questions are most welcome

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Heat Pipe Based Building Space Conditioning

Heat pipe is passive, novel heat transfer device emerged as a major energy conservation device. It is popularly used as waste heat recovery device. In HVAC system, used as summer winter application, hot and humid climate and in combination with indirect evaporative cooling is used. Various applications like Hospitals, Library buildings, Shopping complex e.t.c witnessed the potential as energy saver Heat pipes presence is being felt in HVAC industry.

IIT Delhi

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Heat Pipe
EVAPORATOR LIQUID CONDENSER

VAPOR

WICK

- Transfers heat from a source to a sink with minimum temperature gradient - Passive heat transfer device with high effective thermal conductivity
IIT Delhi

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HEAT PIPE WORKING

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A T-S Diagram of working fluid circulation in the heat pipe

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Main Features of Heat Pipes

 

 

Heat transfer with small temperature drop Small pressure drop between the evaporator and the condenser Isothermal boiling-condensing cycle No moving parts -- high reliability and long life Components of Heat pipe Container (usually aluminum and copper ), Wicking structure (capillary effect) Working Fluid (water, ammonia e.t.c)

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Characteristics of Heat Pipe


  

  

Very high thermal conductance, Ability to act as thermal transformer, Isothermalisation of surface, Variable thermal conductance (ability to control) LHP (Loop heat pipe) Thermal diode and thermal switch Flexibility and construction simplicity

IIT Delhi

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Various Applications computer industry (note book cooling/laptop), automotive industry (vehicle brake system cooling, engine pre-cooling), aeronautical industry (airplane anti icing system) aerospace industry (Iso Thermalisation of large surfaces, electronics component cooling, satellite radiators) Electronics Industry manufacturing industry (die-casting and injection molding) HVAC industry (waste heat recovery in air conditioning) air

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Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger (Waste heat recovery) Gay (1929) Thermosyphon based HPHE Noju (1968) Thermosyphon Heat Exchanger with fins Joshi (1993) Studies HPHE in HVAC Noie-Baghban and Majideian (2000) HPHE for surgery rooms Mulauci (2006)Thermosyphon based HPHE for A/C application You(2006) HPHE for Building A/C

IIT Delhi

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Heat Pipe used in Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger

Heat Pipe

Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger

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HVAC applications
 Operation of HPHE during summer and winter  Heat pipe based system for hot and humid climate  Indirect evaporative cooling systems with HPHE * Ventilation * Combination with Direct Evaporative cooler * Coupled with standard Air Conditioning

IIT Delhi

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HPHE Operation during summer and winter

Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger

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Summer time, the HPHE pre-cools the hot supply air stream before it enters the cooling coil. Thus reducing the size of the cooling coil as compared to what would have been without using HPHE. This system helps in reducing temperature and increases RH. Evaporative cooler could also be used if required. Winter time, the HPHE preheats the cold supply air stream before it enters the heating coil. Thus reducing the size of the heating coil. For both seasons HPHE achieved savings in terms of electricity bills. This kind of HPHE basically recovers heat and helps in reducing the cost of equipment by downsizing the system requirement.

IIT Delhi

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Summer and Winter operating benefits and energy savings Benefits

* No external energy required * No modification in ducts required

Energy savings
* Heating Equipment savings * Cooling equipment savings * Heating operating savings * Cooling operating savings * Indirect Evaporative cooling savings
IIT Delhi

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Heat pipe based dehumidifier for A/C application: Hot & Humid climate
Humidity control for material processing, space conditioning of habitable buildings, and industrial drying consumes significant quantities of energy, predominantly electrical energy. Cost of energy is heavy so it is always favorable to recover energy.

Indian Context
 

 

Dehumidifier is good in hot and humid climate South India is the region where average relative humidity (70-90%) And average temperature (> 30oC) Relative humidity control is necessary
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Air Conditioning processes for controlling Humidity

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Schematic Diagram And Psychrometrics

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Heat pipe based dehumidifier for air-conditioning application: A Novel Design Heat pipe based dehumidifier employed heat pipe around the cooling coil. This Heat pipe is applied to Air Conditioning process. Heat pipe is fitted around an air conditioning cooling coil, one end is placed in front of the coil and other is placed after the coil. Evaporator section which pre-cools the incoming warm and moist air, this pre-cooled air passes over the cooling coil, temperature and moisture is reduced and condenser portion of heat pipe, which lies in the downstream side, releases the same amount of heat which is extracted from the upstream side of air thus reheating is done in a novel way and leads to saving in high grade energy. Coming slide shows the basic design of system and its principle on psychrometric chart.

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Hot & Humid air

2 A C co il

Dry and dehumidi fied air

(Evaporato r) Precool

(Condens er) Reheat

Principle of Heat pipe based Dehumidifier Air conditioner

Pre 1 cooling

3 Reheat ing

H u m i d i t y

Dry BulbTemperature

Psychrometrics of Heat pipe based Dehumidifier

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Indirect evaporative cooling systems with HPHE

This system is the latest development in the use of HPHE. It not only slashed the power consumption but also reduces the mechanical A/C equipment Ventilation Need of reduction of temperature rather than air conditioning is obtained using HPHE Combination with Direct Evaporative cooler Indirect evaporative cooler is used with direct evaporative cooler to cool the space and add moisture where average humidity is low Coupled with standard Air Conditioning Makeup air is essential to meet the biological conditions for the required space. HPHE recovers energy from the return air & pre cools the fresh air. Thus reducing the sensible heat of the fresh air enables design of more economically
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HPHE with Indirect Evaporative Cooling

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Energy saving using Heat pipe (HP) based system for A/C
Air conditioning has been energy exhaustive industry. For comfort, temperature as well as humidity level must be maintained. Various studies reported energy savings using HPHE

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Conclusions
 For building air conditioning option new technology are fastly coming up . These are addressing the need of less energy & more comfort  Environmental concerns raised by VCRS are properly addressed by solar options using VAR and desiccant based cooling system  Hybrid systems are energy efficient for air conditioning  Heat pipe technology a new viable option of energy conservation. HVAC industry will be reaping benefit from the passive heat pipe technology. Retrofitting of building is desirable for energy conservation point of view.
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Biodiesel fuel 1.21 %

Geothermal heat 2.17 %

Solar heat 6.83 %

Biomass heat 17.08 % Large hydro 58.23%

Bioetharnol fuel 0.16 % Photovoltaic 0.42 % Geothermal elec 0.72 %

Biomass elec 3.42 % Wind power 4.58 % Small hydro 5.12 %

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NEW AND RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGYPOTENTIAL AND CUMULATIVE ACHIEVEMENT (AS ON 31.12.2004)

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Renewable Energy Monitor

Sources Wind Power Small Hydro Power Biomass Power Urban & Industrial Waste Solar PV Solar Water Heating Biogas Plants Improved Cookstoves (Chulhas) MW MW MW MW MW/ sq km Mn. sq m Mn. Units Potential 45,000 15,000 19,500 1700 20 140 12 0.70 3.440 Installation 1,870 1,519.28 537.17 25.75

Mn.

120

35.20

Source: MNES

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Thanks for Your Kind Attention

Your questions are most welcome

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