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Types of Joint

Articulations: The site where 2 or more bones meet. Joints are the weakest part of the skeleton. Classification Functional: Amount of movement allowed 1). Synarthroses: Immovable joints 2). Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joint 3). Diarthroses: Fully movable joints
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Classification (b) Syndesmosis Structural: based on material binding the bone. Joint held together by a ligament.
Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures.

1). Fibrous: Bone ends united by collagenic fibers a). Sutures b). Syndesmoses c). Gomphoses
Fibula Tibia

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Types of Joint

3 Ligament

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Classification 2). Cartilaginous Joints Bones are united by cartilage a). Synchondrosis b). Symphyses c). Synovial Joints

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Types of Joint

Immovable Joints (synarthrosis)

suture
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Bones united by ligament

Types of Joint

Immovable Joints (synarthrosis)

(syndesmosis)

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Bones united by ligament

Types of Joint

Immovable Joints (synarthrosis)

Interosseous membrane (syndesmosis)

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Bones united by ligament

Types of Joint

enamel dentin pulp Socket of alveolar process Peridontal ligament (membrane)

gum

root of tooth

Ligaments hold tooth in bony socket Immovable joint

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Slightly Movable (ampharthrosis) and Immovable (synarthrosis) Joints Lacks a synovial cavity Bones connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage 2 types - synchondrosis - symphysis
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Immovable Joint (synchondrosis)

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Slightly Movable Joint (ampharthrosis)

pubic symphysis
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symphysis
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(diarthrosis)- freely movable

pelvis

ligaments femur
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hyaline cartilage synovial cavity

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femur

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Shoulder joint

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Shoulder joint

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Cruciate Ligaments

Fig. 9.13 The cruciate ligaments prevent undesirable movements at the knee joint. a) when the Dr MBA Types prevents 18 knee is flexed or extended, the anterior cruciate of Joint anterior slipping movements of the tibia

Ankle Joint

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Complex Joint Articular disc Gliding above disc Hinge below disc Movements: - depression - elevation - protraction - retraction
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Planar Joint Hinge Joint Pivot Joint Saddle Joint Ball & Socket Joint Condyloid or Ellipsoid Joint
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 Convex surface of bone fits in concave surface of 2nd bone Unixlateral like a door hinge Examples: - Knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints Movements produced: - flexion - extension - hyperextension

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Bone surfaces are slightly curved Side to side movement only Rotation prevented by ligaments Examples: - intercarpal to intertarsal joints - sternoclavicular joint - vertebrocostal joints

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 Rounded surface of bone articulates with the ring formed by the 2nd bone & ligament Monoaxial since it only allows rotation around longitudinal axis Examples: - proximal radioulnar joint - supination - pronation - atlanto-axial joint - Turning head side to side no
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 One bone saddle-shaped, other bone fits like a person riding on the saddle Biaxial - circumduction allows the tip of the thumb to travel in a circle - Opposition allows thumb to touch tip of other fingers Examples: - Trapezium of carpus and metacarple of thumb
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 Ball fitting into a cup-like depression Multiaxial - flexion/extension - abduction/adduction - rotation Examples: - shoulder joint - hip joint

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 Oval-shaped depression fits into oval depression Biaxial= flex/extend or adduct/abduct is possible Examples: - Wrist and metacarpophelangeal joints for 2 to 5 digits

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Figure 8.5a Movements allowed by synovial joints.

Gliding

(a) Gliding movements at the wrist

Hyperextension

Extension

Flexion Figure 8.5b Movements allowed by synovial joints.

(b) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the neck

Extension

Hyperextension Flexion Figure 8.5c Movements allowed by synovial joints.

(c) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the vertebral column

Flexion

Extension

Figure 8.5d Movements allowed by synovial joints. Flexion

Extension

(d) Angular movements: flexion and extension at the shoulder and knee

Figure 8.5e Movements allowed by synovial joints.

Abduction Adduction Circumduction

(e) Angular movements: abduction, adduction, and circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder

Rotation

Figure 8.5f Movements allowed Lateral by synovial joints. rotation

Medial rotation

(f) Rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb

Pronation (radius rotates over ulna)

Supination (radius and ulna are parallel)

Figure 8.6a Special body movements.

(a) Pronation (P) and supination (S)

Dorsiflexion

Figure 8.6b Special body movements.

Plantar flexion

(b) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Figure 8.6c Special body movements.

Inversion Eversion

(c) Inversion and eversion

Figure 8.6d Special body movements.

Protraction of mandible Retraction of mandible

(d) Protraction and retraction

Figure 8.6e Special body movements.

Elevation of mandible Depression of mandible

(e) Elevation and depression

Opposition

Figure 8.6f Special body movements.

(f) Opposition

Thank you very much for your kind attention

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