Chi square Test is a way to compare collected data.

. ------------------------------------------Is the variation in your data due to chance or is it due to one of the variables that you are actually testing? ------------------------------------------It was developed by British mathematician, Karl Pearson in the late 1900s

This thing right here stands for CHI-SQUARE

This stands for SUM (we are going to add some values in the Chi-Square Test)

OBSERVED DATA (the data that youve actually collected)

EXPECTED RESULTS (the data you are expecting before starting the experiment)

Lets say, youll flip a coin 100 times and you get 64 Heads and 36 Tails. Is it due to just chance or there is something wrong with the coin or the way you flip the coin? THE CHI-SQUARE TEST WILL ENABLE YOU TO ANSWER THAT.

So if youre flipping a coin 100 times and 64 came out Heads while 36 came out Tails. There must be an expected value, lets say 50 Heads and 50 Tails- Then there you are using a NULL HYPOTHESIS in this case. NULL HYPOTHESIS: When you are saying that there is no significant difference between the observed and expected results.

You see, the main point of the Chi-Square Test is either to accept or reject your Null Hypothesis. So in other words, you will either exceed or dont exceed your CRITICAL VALUE.

Example of the table that shows the CRITICAL VALUES of Chi-Square.

Since we are comparing outcomes, you will have at least two outcomes in your experiment. In the case of flipping a coin, there will be two outcomes that we could get- The Heads or Tails.

Heads

Tails

It is very simple: DF= No. of Outcomes 1

In case of the flipping a coin experiment: DF= 2 1 =1 So, in flipping a coin you will have only 1 Degree of Freedom

This is where your Degree of Freedom goes

Determining the CRITICAL VALUE: The Critical Value column often used in Chi-Square is 0.05

Now, aligning your Degree of Freedom with the 0.05 column will give you the CRITICAL VALUE of 3.841 Why 0.05? You can think of that as being 95% sure that you are either accepting or rejecting your Null Hypothesis.

With our sample experiment of flipping a coin, We now have 3.841 as our Critical Value. If you get a number higher that the

3.481

Critical Value, then you REJECT the Null Hypothesis. (So, it means that there is something, other than chance that is causing you to get more Heads than Tails.) If you dont exceed the Critical Value, then you ACCEPT the Null Hypothesis. (This is whats likely to happen if you dont have any variables affecting your results.)

For example, you flipped a coin 100 times. 64 came out Heads and 36 came out Tails:
HEADS Expected Observed 50 64 TAILS 50 36

(oi ei

ei)2

(oi ei) 2 ei (36-50)2 50 3.92

(64-50)2 50
The answer will be 7.84

3.92

The answer on the last slide is 7.84. So, 7.84 is now your Chi-Square value. Since it exceeded the Critical Value of 3.47, you must then reject your Null Hypothesis. It meant that there must be something wrong with the coin or the flipping of the coin, so many of flips ended with Heads.

Lets say you have 36 dices:

1 2 6 4 3 6 8 4 6 9 5 6 3 6 6 10 6 2

Expected Observed

(oi ei)2 (oi ei)2 (oi ei)2 (oi ei)2 ei ei ei ei (2-6)2 6 2.67 + (4-6)2 6 0.67 + (8-6)2 6 (9-6)2 6
+

(oi ei)2 (oi ei)2 ei ei (3-6)2 6 1.50 + (10-6)2 6 2.67

0.67 + 1.50

= 9.68

Adding them all up gives the Chi-Square value of 9.68

Next, determine the Degree of Freedom and Critical Value of the data. Since, DF = Outcomes 1 Then your DF= 6 1 DF= 5

Using the Table of Chi-Square Critical Values (You have a copy on your book), Your Critical Value will be 11.070 So are we going to ACCEPT or REJECT your Null Hypothesis? Since our Chi-Square Value (9.68) dont exceed the Critical Value (11.0.70), We are going to accept the Null Hypothesis. Meaning, there is no statistical difference between what we observed and what we expected.

Classifications of Chi-Square: 1. One-Way- Has only one variable described by at least two categories. 2. Two-Way- Involves two categories and at least two variables.

Civil Status F

Single 25

Married 12

Widowed 6

Legally Separated 7

Total 50

First, Determine your DF: DF= 4 1 DF= 3 Using the Table of Chi-Square Critical Values (You have a copy on your book), Your Critical Value will be 7.81 Compute for the EXPECTED VALUE: Fe = Total Frequency x proportion Where: Fo1= 25 is (50)(0.60) = 30 Fo2 = 12 is (50)(0.05) = 2.5 Fo3 = 6 is (50)(0.15) = 7.5 Fo4 = 7 is (50)(0.20) = 10

Solve for the Chi-Square Value (X2)

X2 = (fo-fe)2 fe X2 = (25-30)2 + (12-2.5)2 + (6-7.5)2 + (7-10)2 30 2.5 7.5 10 = 0.83 + 36.1 + 0.3 + 0.9 X2 = 38.13

Decision: Since the Chi-Square Value of 38.13 is

greater than the Critical Value of 7.81, the Null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore: The actual observed proportion is significantly different from the expected proportion.

Academic Performance Passed Fail Total

High 50 10 60

Average 10 10 20

Low 15 5 20

Total 75 25 100

Hypothesis: Ho: Academic performance is independent on IQ. Ha: Academic performance is dependent on IQ. First, Determine your DF: For Two-Way Classification DF = (r-1)(k-1) Where r = number of rows describing one variable. k = number of columns describing the other variables So, in this case: DF= (2-1)(3-1) DF= 2 Using the Table of Chi-Square Critical Values (You have a copy on your book), Your Critical Value will be 5.99

 Compute

for the EXPECTED VALUE: For Two-Way Classification: Fe = Subtotal A x Subtotal B Grand Total Where: Fo1= 50 is [60 x 75] / 100 = 45 Fo2 = 10 is [60 x 25] / 100 = 15 Fo3 = 10 is [20 x 75] / 100 = 15 Fo4 = 10 is [20 x 25] / 100 = 5 Fo5 = 15 is [20 x 75] / 100 = 15 Fo4 = 5 is [20 x 25] / 100 = 5

Solve for the Chi-Square Value (X2)

X2 = (fo-fe)2 fe X2 = (50-45)2 + (10-15)2 + (10-15)2 + (10-5)2 + (15-15)2 + (5-5)2 45 15 15 5 15 5 = 0.56 + 1.67 + 1.67 + 5 + 0 + 0

X2 = 8.9 Since the Chi-Square Value (8.9) is greater than the Critical Value (5.99), the Null Hypothesis is Rejected. Hence, the alternative one is accepted. Therefore: The academic performance is dependent on the IQ.

Created by : Shermaine Joy B. Dimapilis BS HRM-3A Group 5 (D DALTSS): Chi-Square Members: Dimapilis, Shermaine Joy B. Decio, Jillian Joyce Aradanas, Michelle Dianne Legreso, Jefferson Tuazon, Wisdom Simson, Catherine

I hope I got everything right