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Immunoglobulins.
IgG Major bloodborne immunoglobulin. 75% total Igs. 150 kda mw. Four subtypes. Main antibody of the secondary immune response.
Immunoglobulins
IgA
Predominant form in mucous secretions. Occurs as a dimer (especially in secreted form) and also in the plasma of some animals. Has a secretory component associated with it. Two subclasses A1 & A2.
Immunoglobulins.
IgM. A pentameric molecule. Confined to the blood. Important in the primary immune response.
Immunoglobulins
IgD. A minority (1%) immunoglobulin present on B-cells. Short half life.
Immunoglobulins.
IgE.
Pentameric heavy chain. Low concentrations in serum. High concentrations on surface of mast cells which posses a IgE Fc receptor. When bound to antigen, histamine is released from mast cells.
Auto-immunity.
A case of mistaken identity. Responsible for a range of disorders, both trivial and serious.
Phagocytes.
Uptake of foreign organisms. Destruction of microorganisms etc. Many microbiocidal weapons e.g. lytic enzymes, active oxygen etc.
Complement.
Ab-ag, Gm neg bacteria, subcellular particles Yeasts, parasites, ab-ag.
Alternate (C3)
C3
A complex series of about 20 proteolytic enzymes in the blood. Classical and alternate pathways act in a cascade fashion. Accelerated in the presence of IgGs Lytic to many microorganisms. Opsonise others.
C5
Non-immune mediators.
Soluble chemicals released by injured, activated or dying cells. Regulate, activate and terminate the inflammatory response. Some are fairly insult specific, others more generally found in lesions.
Histamine.
Formed from histidine. Stored in high concentrations in mast cells and basophils together with heparin and ATP. Three main receptor subtypes (H1 etc). Inmportant in allergies, itch, inflammatory response. Causes triple response.
CH2CH2NH2
HN
Histamine.
Synthesised as a curiosity by Windaus and Vogt, 1907. Extracted from putrefying mixtures by Ackerman 1910. Assumed to be responsible for anaphylaxis by Dale and Laidlaw (1911, 1960) as synthetic material had the same effects. Eppinger (1913) demonstrated that histamine produced a reaction in human skin similar to that seen with insect bites.
Histamine.
Lewis (1927) proposed that histamine was released by a variety of injurious stimuli. Best (1927) unequivocally demonstrated the presence off histamine in the mammalian body. The development of anti-histamine in the 1940s led to the realisation that histamine was not the only inflammatory mediator.
5HT; serotonin.
Found in platelets, neurones and in CNS. Often stored with other transmitters. Inactivated by MAO.
HO CH2CH2NH2
N H
Serotonin (5HT).
Very potent at increasing vascular permeability in rodents but not guinea pigs or rabbits (various groups, 1950s) A histamine releaser in man? Many inflammatory effects but species specific. Multiple receptors.
Neuropeptides.
Tachykinins - substance P - neurokinin A - neurokinin B - CGRP Kinins: - bradykinin - kallidin
Tachykinins.
Substance P. Neurokins A & B.
Mainly located in sensory neurones. Released on nerve stimulation. Act on 7TM NK receptors (3 subtypes; NK1 etc). Cause vasodilatation, vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, mucus secretion, pain.
Tachykinins.
CGRP. A product of the calcitonin gene generated through differential splicing. Found in sensory neurones. Induces neurogenic inflammation.
Kinins.
Bradykinin (9 aa) Kallidin (10 aa).
Formed from kininogens (2 forms) by kallikreins (also 2 forms). Inactivated by kininases (2 forms). Two receptors B1 (inducible) and B2 (constitutive). Produce; vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, pain and inflammation. Anti-proteases and receptor antagonists are occasionally useful.
Eicosanoids.
Arachidonic acid
PG G2
LTA4
TxA2
PGs E,I,F,D
LT B4 LTs C,D,E
Arachidonic acid from cellular phospholipids. At least 2 different pathways: - cycloxygenase forms prostaglandins and thromboxanes. - lipoxygenase forms leukotrienes.
Synthesis of PAF.
C12 -C18 fatty acid. Acetyl group Phoshatidylcholine
PAF formed from phoshatidyl choline by and acetylase. Key role of phospholipase A2
(1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.)
iNOS.
Induced in cells by cytokines, TNF , IL1 or LPS. iNOS does not require Ca2+ for activation, only a supply of arginine. GCs, IL10 and some other factors can inhibit iNOS or its induction. With active oxygen, NO can form peroxynitrite which is a potent cytotoxic agent. Can be blocked in (e.g.septic shock) by arginine analogues such as L-NMMA. NO is scavenged by haemoglobin and reacts with thiols.
Cytokines.
All are proteins. Mainly synthesised by immune cells. Regulate differentiation and activation of immune cells. Partly responsible for coordination of the inflammatory response. Act through high affinity receptors on target cells.
Chemokines.
At least 3 families of small proteins mw usually 7-15Kd. Relative position of Cys residue determines nomenclature e.g. CXC, CC or C. Act through 7TM receptors which also function as co-receptors for HIV entry into immune cells.
Chemokines.
CXC chemokines. IL8. Platelet factor IV. Granulocyte chemotactic protein 2. Platelet basic protein and related species. Utilise CXCR 1-5. Main target PMN.
Chemokines
C-C chemokines. MCP 1,2,3,&4. RANTES MIP 1 & . Eotaxin. Utilise CCR 1-5 receptors. Main targets eosinophils and monocytes.
Chemokines
C chemokines. Lymphotaxin.
Summary of lecture 3.
Inflammation is regulated by a great many factors including immune and non-immune chemical mediators. There is considerable redundancy. There is a degree of insult specificity.
Picture credits.
Life Art. Austrian Rheumatology Teaching slides. Mediators of Inflammation, GP Lewis . Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Abbas et al. N Goulding. St Barts Hospital Medical Illustration service. A du Vivier. Leo & Astra. Atlas of Clinical Endocrinology, Besser et al.