WATER RESOURCES AND

WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS

Tayyab Ashfaq Institute of environmental engineering & Research(IEER) UET Lahore

Total water on earth=1386 X106km3

Lakes and river water useable=95200km3

SOME OF THE GLOOMY ARITHMETIC OF WATER

1.4 billion people lack safe water 80% of diseases carried by water: 1 child every 8 seconds killed and 5-7 million people annually: $125 billion in workday losses/yr. 50% of people lack adequate sanitation 20% of freshwater species near extinction 76% live in water stressed areas most in politically unstable regions Past 30 yrs world water supply has halved Losing irrigated land by 30% in 2025 and 50% by 2050 Asia: Over two thirds of population live in areas where 80% of rainfall occurs in 20% of the year Next 30years 5.5 billion safe water supply difficult

"There is a water crisis today. But the crisis is not about having too little water to satisfy our needs. It is a crisis of managing water so badly that billions of people - and the environment - suffer badly." World Water Vision Report

CONSUMPTION PATTERN OF WATER

Water Footprints for energy

Energy Type Solar Wind Gas Coal Nuclear Oil/Petrol Hydropower Bio-fuel

Water Consumed (m3/MWh) 0.001 0.001 1 2 3 4 68 239

WATER RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN

Rainfall Annual rainfall (125mm in South-East to 750mm North-West) Total water generated by rainfall is around 32 BCM Contribution to crops is 10-20% Groundwater Exploitation of Groundwater is 59 BCM Over 9,00,000 private tubewells Surface Water Resources Total Inflow is 171 BCM Tarbela (10.38 BCM - 485 ft), Mangla (5.90 BCM - 380 ft) 48 Canals (61000 km), 19 Barrages 1,70,000 Watercourses (1.6 Million km)

FRESHWATER AVAILABILITY SCENARIO (PER PERSON)

Global
1950 16,800 cubic meters per annum 2000 6,800 cubic meters per annum Reduction: 60 % in 50 years

Pakistan
1950 5,300 cubic meters per annum 2000 1,200 cubic meters per annum !!!! Reduction: 77 % in 50 years

Critical limit 1,000 cubic meters per person per annum

FUTURE WATER SCENARIO

Year 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2000 2010 2020 2025 Population Water availability (Million) per capita (m3) 34 5300 46 3950 65 2700 84 2100 115 1600 148 1200 168 1066 196 915 209 850

EXISTING SITUATION
Surface water largest source of irrigation in Pakistan (31% as a single source)  79% access to piped /hand pump water supply  30% of diseases 40% deaths water borne  90% exposed to unsafe drinking water  BOD Ravi=300mg/l(9mg/l)


WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS

 

Quality :degree of excellence, a measure of fitness of use Drinking water quality: degree of cleanliness and wholesomeness of water
Chemical parameters Alkalinity Bacteriological parameters Bacteria Virus Protozo a Helmint h Radiological parameters -Activity Activity

Physical parameters Taste& odour Turbidit y Conductivity

pH

Hardness Metals and nonmetals

Total dissolved solids

Color

PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
Taste & odour Colour

Organics, Biological activity, industrial pollution Inorganic compounds of metals like sodium, copper, iron and zinc

Organic matter(humic), metals(iron, manganese) or highly coloured industrial waste

TURBIDITY
Optical property Caused by suspended matter(clay, organics, microorganism) High level turbidity shield and protect bacteria from the action of disinfecting agents Nephelometer turbidity unit Desirable limit-5NTU should be below 1 NTU when disinfection is practiced Permissible limit-10NTU

TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

Inorganic salts and few organics Time of year, local geological conditions, climate ,waste discharges Aesthetic standards
TDS(mg/l) Brackish water Saline water Seawater Rivers & lakes Irrigation water EPA DW supply 1000-5000 5000-30000 30000-35000 <200 1500 500

Conductivity
Measure of electrolyte content/TDS Units: siemens/cm or mho/cm TDS(mg/l)=kxEC ( mho/cm) (k=0.5-0.9;0.64)

CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
pH

It is the measure of hydrogen ion concentration Desirable limit 6.5-8.5 Factors: bed-rock, acid rain, wastewater discharge

DEFINITIONS OF PH

pH stands for power of Hydrogen pH is a value that represents the how acidic a solution is. pH is the negative log of the hydronium concentration. (pH = -log [H3O+]) pH calculations are used to determine the exponent of the hydronium (H3O+) concentration without the

CONCENTRATION & PH

The

pH and the exponent are the same As pH increases by 1.0, the hydronium concentration decreases by 10

PH ILLUSTRATION
NOTE: [ ] means mol/L

Beaker # 1 pH = 1.0 [1 x 10-1] 1/10

Beaker # 2 pH = 2.0 [1 x 10-2] 1/100

Beaker # 3 pH = 3.0 [1 x 10-3]

CALCULATING PH

Determine the pH of a sample of rainwater that has a hydronium-ion concentration, [H3O+(aq)], of 1.00 x 10-4 mol/L.

pH=-log10[H3O+(aq)] = -log10[1.00x 10-4] = 4.000

Calculate the hydronium-ion concentration, [H3O+(aq)] in a shampoo with a pH of 5.72.

[H3O+(aq)] = 10-pH= 10 -5.72 = 1.905x 10-6 mol/L = 1.9 x 10-6 mol/L

Determine the missing values

sample Rainwater Shampoo HCl Acetic acid Soil solution 0.5 1.31x 10-3 4.7 [H3O]+ 1.00x 10-4 5.72 pH

Determine the missing values

sample Rainwater Shampoo HCl Acetic acid Soil solution [H3O]+ 1.00x 10-4 1.9 x 10-6 0.5 0.0013 2 x 10-5 pH 4 5.72 0.3 2.89 4.7

CHEMICAL PARAMTERS :HARDNESS

Salts of polyvalent cations(Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn,Al,Cu,Ba,Zn,Pb) Scale formation, prevents lather(500mg/l) Temprary hardness.Ca/Mg(HCO3)2

H2O(l) + CO2(g) + CaCO3(s) H2O(l) + CO2(g) + MgCO3(s)

Ca(HCO3)2(aq) Mg(HCO3)2(aq)

Permanent hardness-Cl-1,NO3-1, SO4-2

aq. + CaSO4(s) aq. + MgSO4(s)

Ca2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) Mg2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

Problem 1 A sample of water on analysis gave the following results:CaCO3= 2.5 g/l,MgSO4= 1 g/l,CaSO4= 0.5 g/l,MgCl2= 0.25 g/l,Fe2O3= 0.01 g/l, SiO2= 0.25 g/l Calculate the total hardness in g/l

PROBLEM 1
A sample of water on analysis gave the following results:CaCO3= 2.5 g/l,MgSO4= 1 g/l,CaSO4= 0.5 g/l,MgCl2= 0.25 g/l,Fe2O3= 0.01 g/l, SiO2= 0.25 g/l Calculate the total hardness in g/l
Hardness CaCO3 MgSO4 CaSO4 MgCl2 Amount (g/l) 2.5 1 0.5 0.25 MF 100/100 100/120 100/136 100/95 Eq of CaCO3 2.5 0.83 0.37 0.26

Total hardness=3.96g/l

PROBLEM 2

Calculate the temporary hardness and total hardness of water in mg/l

Hardness Ca(HCO3)2 Mg(HCO3)2 CaSO4 MgCl2 Amount (mg/l) 16.2 7.3 13.6 9.5 MF Eq of CaCO3

H=1,C=12,O=16, N=14, Mg = 24, K = 39, Cl=35.3, Ca= 40,S=32

PROBLEM 2

Calculate the temporary hardness and total hardness of water in mg/l

Hardness Ca(HCO3)2 Mg(HCO3)2 CaSO4 MgCl2 Amount (mg/l) 16.2 7.3 13.6 9.5 MF 100/162 100/146 100/136 100/95 Eq of CaCO3 10 5 10 10

H=1,C=12,O=16, N=14, Mg = 24, K = 39, Cl=35.3, Ca= 40,S=32

PROBLEM 3

Calculate the temporary hardness permanent hardness and total hardness of water in mg/l
Hardness Amount Molecular MF (mg/l) mass (g/mol) 13.8 15.5 6.5 20 15 Eq of CaCO3

Ca(HCO3)2 26.4 Mg(HCO3) 2 CaSO4 MgSO4 MgCl2 CaCl2

PROBLEM 3

Calculate the temporary hardness permanent hardness and total hardness of water in mg/l
Permanent hardness=51.36 mg/l

Temporary hardness=25.75 mg/l ;

Hardness

Amount Molecular MF (mg/l) mass (g/mol) 162 146 136 120 95 111 100/162 100/146 100/136 100/120 100/95 100/111

Eq of CaCO3

Ca(HCO3)2 26.4 Mg(HCO3) 2 CaSO4 MgSO4 MgCl2 CaCl2 13.8 15.5 6.5 20 15

16.3 9.45 11.4 5.42 21.05 13.51

ALKALINITY
Capacity to neutralize acid Presence of carbonates, bi-carbonates and hydroxide compounds of Ca, Mg, Na and K Alkalinity = hardness, Ca and Mg salts

Freshwater =30-130mg/l as CaCO3

METALS & NON-METALS

Iron

Earths most plentiful resource(35% mass) High iron causes brown or yellow staining of laundry, household fixtures

Metalic taste, offensive odour Cause iron bacteria

Acceptable limit 0.3 mg / l

METALS & NON-METALS

As

Heavy metals

Ground water from arseniferous belt Industrial waste, agricultural insecticide Effects : dermatological lesions, muscular weakness, paralysis of lower limbs, can also cause skin and lung cancer Acceptable limit 0.05 mg / l

Present as mineral in soil and rocks of earth Human activities Battery Lead & Nickel Textile - Copper Photography Silver

METALS & NON-METALS

Chlorides

Nitrates

Dissolution of salt deposit Discharge of effluents Intrusion of sea water Not harmful to human beings Regarding irrigation most troublesome anion Acceptable limit - 250 mg/l

Agricultural fertilizers, manure, animal dung, nitrogenous material ,sewage pollution blue baby disease to infants Maximum permissible limit 50 mg / l

FLOURIDE
naturally Long term consumption above permissible level can cause dental flurosis (mottling of teeth) -Skeletal flurosis Maximum permissible limit 1.5 mg / l Remedy 1) Deflouridation 2) Mixing Fluoride free water 3) Intake of vitamin C,D, calcium
Occurs

MICROORGANISMS
Virus:obligate parasites, 0.01 and 0.03 m Bacteria: single cell (spherical,rod shaped or spiral) 0.1 to 15 m-pipe corrosion, taste & odour) Protozoa: unicellular, nonphotsynthetic, aerobic ;2-200 m Helminths :parasitic worms Source:water ,vegetables Control:filtration,coagulation

BACTERIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
Total Coliforms-nonpathogenic,genito-urinary tract infection Ferment lactose with gas formation at 35OC Faecal coliform thermotolerant , sustain at 44.5OC

Aerobactor aerogenes
Soil ,plants, grains sometimes in faeces

Escherichia Coli(E.coli)
Intestinal tract warm blooded animals

RADIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
Disintegration of unstable nuclei Alpha emission

Beta emission Alpha and beta activity Natural radionuclides (uranium thorium) in soil 1 Becquerel =1 radioactive decay/second Gross activity=0.1Bq/l; Gross activity=1Bq/l