STATISTICS

MATH 30-6 Probability and Statistics

OBJECTIVES
The students at the end of the lesson are expected to: Define statistics and its fields Differentiate the fields of statistics and relate to its significance Determine the scientific procedures of data collection Classify the types of data and relate to real life situations the category of data to be used. Practice the various techniques of data gathering and

Statistics
a scientific method of collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data for the purpose of drawing valid conclusions and reasonable decisions. Fields of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

Descriptive Statistics
This method is concerned to the collection and description of a set of data to yield meaningful information. Descriptive statistics provides information only about collected data and does not draw inferences or conclusions about a larger set of data. Examples:
In 2010, there have been reported 3 deaths and 80 firecracker related incidents. 25% of the miners of Asbestos in Canada developed lung related disease.

Inferential Statistics
composed of those methods concerned with the analysis of a smaller group of data leading to predictions or inferences about the larger set of data Statistics that deals in giving a generalization about the whole from an analysis of the part of the group. Examples:
Study shows that decreasing smoking by 3 sticks a day would lengthen the life by 5 years. AGB Nielsen states that 36% of the household prefers to watch Saksi

Population and Sample

Population
Totality of all observations from which the data is acquired All of the possible events should be considered Variable that describes population is known as PARAMETER

Sample
Small group taken from the population. A group heterogeneous as possible taken from the large group to represent the population. Variable that describes population is known as STATISTIC

Variables
The parameters being studied in statistics. Qualitative Variables
Also known as Categorical Data which are commonly answered by non numeric data usually qualitative in form. Examples: preferences, gender, civil status and location

Quantitative Variables
Also known as Numerical Data are information and observations that are countable or measurable quantities. Examples: scores, force, moment, weight, voltage, current, power, tensile strength and grades

Dependent Vs Independent Variable

When two variables are correlated or being compared to the effect of one to the other, variables can be:

Independent Variable a naturally occurring phenomena that can be altered by increasing or decreasing its magnitude. Dependent Variable a variable that is observed upon application of the changes applied to the independent variable. Controlled Variable a variable that is kept constant to check for the external effects of the dependent to the independent variable. Extraneous Variable variables that would have minimal effect to the result of the independent variable to the independent variable.

Scales of Measurement
Nominal
Assigning numerical to categorical data

Ordinal Data
Assigning rank to the levels of data.

Interval
Assigning a constant difference between numeric data

Ratio
Assigning continuous range of data over a range.

Nominal Data
Nominal Data are commonly categorical data assigned to numbers. In this data type, counting the number of times a certain data would fall on the category would only be the applicable measurement. Example of which is assigning 1 for males and 2 for females. Data that can be categorized as nominal data include course, civil status, color, preference.

Ordinal Data
Ordinal Data are quantities where the numbers are used to designate the rank order of the data. In this data type, the correlation or the effect of the ranking of one variable to another can be measured. However, the range for each rank is not constant. Examples of quantities that use this level of measurement are the results of a race, ranking of a beauty pageant, and level of hardness of a material in the Moh s scale.

Interval Data
Interval Data is a data type where the range between the numeric values is constant. In this data type addition and subtraction of values can be performed, however, multiplication and division is not appropriate. Examples for this type of measurement are the year, and temperature in Celsius and Fahrenheit scales. In the year 2009, one year can be added to become 2010, however multiplying the year by two as in 2009 x 2 is meaningless. Multiplication and division can only be done in the difference between intervals.

Ratio Data
Ratio Data are the widely used data in science and engineering. Length, mass, angles, charge, and energy are some of the quantities that uses in this data type. Almost all of the basic mathematical operations can be performed in this data type. One significant characteristic of this data type is the presence of a non arbitrary zero point.

Categories of Quantitative Data

Discrete Data
Countable quantities. Data that has finite equal intervals. Data that has been measured by digital measuring device that tends to have exact values. Example: Number of individuals, Months oh the year

Continuous Data
Measurable quantities. Data that has infinite values between intervals. Data that has been measured by analog devices and has infinite values based on interpolations Example: Height, Weight, Ratio of persons

Sampling
Process of taking the sample from the population The two general classifications are the non-probability sampling and probability sampling. Non Probability Sampling This type of sampling technique has certain or individual that has no chance of being selected of being a sample. Probability Sampling The probability sampling eliminates the biases against certain event that has no chance to be selected by listing all the possible events and taking a chance that they be selected to be part of the sample.

Non Probability Sampling

Convenience Sampling is a sampling technique based primarily on the availability of the respondents. The usual respondents of this type of data gathering procedure are those housemates without work, friends of the one conducting the research. Individuals with personal differences with the one conducting the survey tend to be not part of the data being gathered.

Quota Sampling is a type of sampling technique where there is a desired number of sample and the respondents were taken as they volunteered themselves as to become part of the experiment. In this type of sampling, individuals who lack time filling up forms and those who are hesitant to answer such surveys are usually eliminated in this type of sampling. Phone call survey where the first 100 callers are taken is an example of this type of sampling. Purposive Sampling is a type of sampling where the sample is obtained based on a certain premise. If for example, the study is about pregnant women, the male population would have zero chance of being selected as part of the survey.

Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling Systematic Sampling Stratified Sampling Cluster Sampling

Simple Random Sampling

Simple Random Sampling is performed by arranging the population according to a certain rule, each element being numbered and a sample is taken by various randomizing principles. A table of random numbers, random number generator in computers and calculators, and lottery are some examples of the randomizing events. Each event in the population has equal chance of being selected as part of the sample. Example: Lottery, placing every name in a drop box and selecting a name. A random number generator.

Systematic Sampling
Systematic Sampling is done by arranging the population in accordance to a certain order and the sample will be taken by dividing the population into equal groups and obtaining the kth element in each group.
Example: Getting the temperature of the patient every 4 hours. Getting the blood platelet count every 12 hours Getting the voltage of the signal every constant interval and converting to signal

Stratified Sampling
Stratified Sampling is a technique done by grouping the population into strata, a subpopulation with generally homogeneous or similar characteristics. After dividing the population into several strata, a random sampling is performed in each stratum proportional to the size of each stratum relative to the population. Example:
Choosing a respondent according to a predetermined grouping. 10 Respondents from Class A, 20 from Class B, 50 from Class C etc. Parliamentary election of selecting a representative that belongs to the same group.

Cluster Sampling
Cluster Sampling is a techniques done by identifying groups called clusters, a subpopulation with elements as heterogeneous or diverse characteristics as possible. These clusters must be similar to each other with respect to the parameter being examined. A cluster or clusters will be selected as sample. This type of sampling technique is preferred since it will be saving time and money to go to various clusters. Example: Selection of a certain region

REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/research/ stats/index.cfm