Restorative Dental Material

(Metallic Materials)
Dr. Saeed Rastegari, Ph.D.

Nature of Metals and Alloys

Chemical and Atomic Structure of Metals
Atomic Structure Physical Properties of Metals

Alloys and Principles of Metallurgy

Phase Diagrams and Dental Alloys
Solid Solution Alloys Eutectic Alloys Intermetallic Compounds Ternary Phase Diagrams Grains, Grain Boundaries and Dendrites Cast Microstructure Cold- Worked (Wrought) Microstructure Recrystallization and Grain Growth

Alloy Microstructure

Properties of Alloys
Alloy- Strengthening Mechanisms Properties of Cast Alloys Properties of Wrought Alloys

Metals

Metals

Metals

Metals

Metals

Metals

Metals

Bismuth Crystal

Gallium Crystals

Insulin Crystals

Quartz

Diamond Crystal

Crystal Structure

Crystal Structure

BCC

Chromium, Iron(E), Molybdenum, Tantalum, Tungsten ,

FCC

Aluminum, Cupper, Gold, Lead, Nickel, Platinum, Silver,

HCP

Cadmium, Cobalt, Titanium (E), Zinc,

Crystal Structure

Crystalline Materials

Crystal Defects (Grain Boundary)

Grain Boundary

Crystal Defects (Point)

Dislocations

Edge Dislocation

Edge Dislocation

Solid Solution Alloys

Phase Diagram
Phase : a homogeneous portion of a system that has uniform physical and chemical characteristics Reactions :
Eutectic Peritectic
L
Cooling Heating

E+F

+L

Cooling Heating

Solid Solution Alloys (Phase Diagrams)

Solid Solution Alloy

Solid Solution Alloy

Solid Solution Alloy

Reactions

Eutectic Alloys

Cooling Heating

E+F

(Eutectic Reaction)

Eutectic Alloys

Eutectic Alloys

Peritectic and Eutectoid Reaction

Peritectic and Eutectoid Reaction

+L
Cooling Heating

Cooling Heating

(Peritectic Reaction) (Eutectoid Reaction)

Intermediate Phases or Compounds

Intermetallic Compound

Ternary Phase Diagram

Ternary Phase Diagram

Ternary Phase Diagram

Dendrite

Dendrite

Alloy Microstructure

Cast Microstructure Cold- Worked Microstructure

Cast Microstructure

Dendrite Structure

Zinc dendritic structures formed by electrodeposition on Cu substrates

Deformation Processing Techniques

Cold Working Microstructures

%CW =((Ao Af)/ Ao) *100

Low Carbon Steel : (a) 10%, (b) 30%, (c) 60%, (d) 90%

Hot Working Microstructures

Recrystallization and Grain Growth

(a) Cold Worked brass(33% CW) (b) 3 s at 580 C (c) 4 s at 580 C (d) 8 s at 580 C (e) 15 min at 580 C (f) 10 min at 700 C

Annealing (Brass)

Recrystallization

Recrystallization

Grain Growth

Properties of Alloys
Alloy- Strengthening Mechanisms
Grain Boundaries Solid Solution Cold Working (Strain Hardening) Precipitation Hardening

Properties of Cast Alloys Properties of Wrought Alloys

Grain Boundaries

Solid Solution Strengthening

Solid Solution Strengthening

Solid Solution Strengthening

Solid Solution Strengthening

Cu-X Alloy

Strain Hardening

Strain Hardening

= K

Precipitation Hardening
1 Solution Heat Treatment 2 Precipitation Heat Treatment (Aging)

Precipitation Hardening (Al-Cu)

Precipitation Hardening (Al-Cu)

General Requirements of a Dental Alloy

Non- toxicity or no allergic effects Corrosion resistance Good physical and mechanical properties Feasible fabrication technique Low price

(Corrosion)
:

: .
M M+2 +2 eH2 2H+ + 2e-

Zn + 2HCl Zn + 2H+
Zn 2H+ + 2e-

ZnCl2 + H2 Zn 2+ + H2
Zn+2 +2 eH2

Zn

Zn
Zn 2+
H+

Zn 2+

Zn
H+

ClH+

H+

H+

H+

:
M M+n +n e-

H+

:
2H+ + 2eO2 + 4H+ + 4eO2 + 2H2O + 4eMn+ + eMn+ + ne(nM (n-1)+

H2 2H2O 4OH-

emf Serie

Galvanic Cell

Electroplating

E-i diagram
(Oxidizing power)

(corrosion rate)

Dental Materials
Amalgam Noble Metal Alloys Base Metal Alloys
Cast Co-Cr Alloys Cast Ni-Cr Alloys Cast Ti and Ti Alloys Wrought Ti and Ti Alloys Wrought Stainless Steel Alloys Wrought Co-Cr-Ni Alloys Wrought Ni-Ti Alloys Wrought beta- Ti Alloys

Amalgam
Dental Amalgam Alloys
Composition and Morphology Production Silver- Tin Alloy

Amalgamation Processes
Low-Copper Alloys High-Copper Alloys Microstructure of Amalgam

Properties of Amalgam
ANSI/ADA Specification No.1 for Amalgam Alloy Physical and Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength Tensile Strength Transverse Strength Strength of Various Phases Elastic Modulus Creep Dimensional Change Corrosion

Metallic Elements used in Dental Alloys

Noble Metals
Gold (Au) Platinum (Pt) Palladium (Pd) Iridium (Ir), Ruthenium (Ru), and Rhodium (Rh) Osmium (Os) Silver (Ag) Copper (Cu) Zinc (Zn) Indium (In) Tin (Sn) Gallium (Ga) Nickel (Ni) Alloy Composition and Temperature Phase Structure of Noble Alloys Hardening of Noble Alloys Formulation of Noble Alloys Carat and Fineness of Gold-Based Alloys

Base Metals

Good resistance to oxidation, tarnish and corrosion during heating, casting, soldering and use in the mouth.

Binary Combinations of Metals

Solid solution Ordered solution hardening

Casting

Investment (Lost wax) Casting

Investment (Lost wax) Casting

Investment (Lost wax) Casting

Investment (Lost wax) Casting

Cast and Wrought Base-Metal Alloys

General Requirements of a Dental Alloy Cobalt- Chromium and Nickel- Chromium Casting Alloys
Microstructure of Cast Base- Metal Alloys Heat treatment of Base- Metal Alloys (*) Physical Properties
Melting Temperature Density Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Elastic Modulus Hardness Fatigue

Mechanical Properties

Corrosion Crown and Bridge Casting Alloys Other Applications of Cast Base- Metal Alloys Commercial Pure Titanium Titanium Alloys : General Ti-6Al-4V Cast Titanium Dental Implants
Implant Materials and Processing Mechanisms of Implant/Tissue Attachment Enhancing Osseointegration Surface State and Biocompatibility

Titanium and Titanium Alloys

Other applications of Wrought Titanium

Surface modification

HA (Hydroxyapatite) Plasma sprayed surface

Plasma spray

Plasma spray

(Thermal Spraying)
Flame spray Electric Arc Spraying Detonation Gun High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) Plasma Spray 1911 ? 1955 1958 1962

Flame Spray a) Powder

Flame Spray b) Wire

High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF)

Detonation Gun

Electric Arc Spraying