Work Measurement

Outline
 LABOR STANDARDS AND WORK MEASUREMENT  HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE  TIME-STUDIES  PREDETERMINED TIME STANDARDS  WORK SAMPLING

Learning Objectives
When you complete this supplement, you should be able to : Identify or Define:
 Four ways of establishing labor standards

Describe or Explain:
    Requirements for good labor standards Time study Predetermined time standards Work sampling
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Uses of Labor Standards

Costing labor content of products Planning staffing needs Estimating time and cost for bids Planning production (crew size and work balance)  Estimating expected production  Basing wage-incentive plans  Determining employee efficiency 4    

Sources of Labor Standards

 Historical experience  Time studies  Predetermined time standards (MTM)  Work sampling
1995 Corel Corp.

Historical Experience
 Relatively easy, convenient, and inexpensive  Not objective, unknown accuracy

Not recommended
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Time Studies
 Labor standards are based on observing worker doing task
 Observe only a sample of work  Use average time & pace to set standard

 Disadvantages
 Requires a trained & experienced analyst  Standard cannot be set before task is performed
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The Eight Steps to Conducting a Time Study

Define the task to be studied (after a methods analysis) Break down the task into precise elements Decide how many times each element of the task must be measured Record the times and ratings of for the task elements performance

Compute the average observed cycle time (element times adjusted for unusual influences)

The Eight Steps to Conducting a Time Study - continued

6. Compute the normal time for each task element:
Normal time = (Average actual cycle time) x (Rating factor)

Sum the normal times for each element to develop a total normal time for the task Compute the standard time:
Standard time = Total normal time 1- Allowance factor

Allowances
 Personal time allowance - 4% - 7% of total time - use of restroom, water fountain, etc.  Delay allowance - based upon actual delays that occur  Fatigue allowance - to compensate for physical or mental strain, noise level, tediousness, heat and humidity, assumption of an abnormal position, etc.10

Rest Allowances (%) for Various Classes of Work

1. Constant allowance
(a) Personal allowance ... (b) Basic fatigue allowance 5 4 2

2.Variable allowances:

(A) Standing allowance .. (B) Abnormal position 2 (I) Awkward (bending) . (ii) Very awkward (lying, stretching) 7 .. (C) Use of force or muscular energy in lifting, pulling, pushing Weight lifted (pounds) 3 20 9 40. 17 60.

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Rest Allowances (%) for Various Classes of Work Continue

(D) Bad light (i) Well below recommended ..
(ii) Quite inadequate . 2 5

(E) Atmospheric conditions (heat and humidity) (F) Close attention

Variable .. 1-10 (i) Fine or exacting (ii)Very fine or very exacting ... 2 5

(G) Noise level

(i) Intermittent loud 2 (ii) Intermittent very loud or high-pitched 5
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Rest Allowances (%) for Various Classes of Work Continue

(H) Mental strain (i) Complex or wide span of attention 4 4 (ii) Very complex . (I) Tediousness 2 (i) Tedious . 5 (ii) Very tedious

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Time Studies - Sample Size

zs Sample size, n ! hx


h = accuracy level desired as percent of job element, expressed as a decimal (5% = 0.05) z = number of standard deviations required for the desired level of confidence s = standard deviation of the initial sample x = mean of the initial sample

Note : s !

x  x
i

n 1
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Considerations in Determining Sample Size

How accurate do you want to be? What level of confidence do you want your measurements to have? How much variation exists within the job elements?

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Common z values
Desired Confidence Level (%)
90.11 95.00 95.45 99.11 99.73
99.0

Z Value
1.65 1.96 2.00 2.58 3.00

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Time Study Equations

Allowance factor Average element time Normal time Standard time = = = Nonwork time Total time 7 Element times Number of cycles

Average element time * Perf. Rating Total normal time = 1 - Allowance factor
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Predetermined Time Standards

 Labor standards are set from times in published tables (e.g., MTM Table)  Procedure
 Divide manual work into basic elements  Look up basic element times in table; sum

 Advantages
 Times established in laboratory setting  Useful for planning tasks  Widely accepted by unions
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MTM Table for Reach Motion

Time TMU Distance Moved (in) 3/4 or less 1 2 A 2.0 2.5 4.0 B 2.0 2.5 4.0 C 2.0 3.6 5.9

Hand in
Motion A 1.6 2.3 3.5 B 1.6 2.3 2.7 1 TMU = .0006 minutes
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A Reach to object in fixed location. B Reach to object in variable locations. C Reach to object jumbled with others.

Sample MTM Table for GET and PLACE Motions

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MTM-HC Analysis: Pouring Tube Specimen

Element Description Get tube from rack Get stopper, place on counter Get centrifuge tube, place at sample tube Pour (3 sec.) Place tubes in rack (simo) 0.0006*238=Total standard minutes = 0.14 Eleme Time nt AA2 35 AA2 35 AD2 PT PC2 Total TMU 45 83 40 238
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Work Sampling
 Labor standard is set using output and % of time worker spends on tasks  Involves observing worker at random times over a long period  Advantages
 Less expensive than time studies  Observer requires little training

 Disadvantages
 Ineffective with short cycles
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Work Sampling
 Used for
 Ratio delay studies  Setting labor standards  Measuring worker performance

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The Five Step Work Sampling Procedure

1. Take a preliminary sample to obtain an estimate of the parameter value 2. Compute the sample size required 3. Prepare a schedule for observing the worker at appropriate times 4. Observe and record worker activities; rate worker performance 5. Determine how workers spend their time (usually as a percent)

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Work Sampling - Sample Size

z p  p n! h p = estimated value of sample proportion (of time worker is observed busy or idle) h = accuracy level desired in percent, expressed as a decimal


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Work Sampling Equations

Normal Time = (Total Time) (% of time working) (Rating) Number of units Produced Normal Time 1 - Allowance

Standard Time =

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Work Sampling Time Studies

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