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NATIONAL INTEGRATION
Integration is the biggest problem. Differences between the races can create tensions & jeopardize the safety of the country. The 13th May 1969 Event is viewed by a lot as the peak of manifestation of national integration problems. Riots between races caused tension. Since then, Government has given priority to national integration in the policies executed.
NATIONAL INTEGRATION
Integration problems have started since the British colonization period. Divided & ruled policies to split races according to space & functions. Space = 3 major races placed in 3 different places. a) Malays - in rural areas such as the villages (kampung). b) Chinese tin mines and commerce development. c) Indians - in rubber estates.
NATIONAL INTEGRATION
Functions = functions of each race. a) Malays - allowed to be involved in peasantry activities especially traditional agriculture and fishing. b) Chinese - articled as miners and businessman. c) Indians - were seen as estate laborers. Differences in space & functions cause the 3 main races to split and have a minimum contact. After the 13 May 1969 Events, serious effort has been taken to achieve the objective.
NATIONAL INTEGRATION
During colonization = British did not have a clear education policy if viewed from the local point of view. British developed 4 schooling systems which are English, Malay, Chinese and Tamil medium. All 4 mediums have differences in terms of objectives, syllabus, language and teachers qualifications.
NATIONAL INTEGRATION
English schools are meant to prepare students for furthering studies to secondary schools. Chinese schools for students going to China. Tamil Schools are aimed at attracting more Indian laborers to Malaya. Syllabus = English schools used syllabus from England, Chinese Schools & Tamil Schools used syllabus from their respective countries. Malay schools emphasized on religious study.
a) b) c) d)
The report proposed that:: Primary schools be made as bases of racial unification. Only national schools should be established. Malay Language is the main medium of language. English Language is the 2nd medium of language. Schooling age of children is between 6 to 12 years. Primary school students will enter secondary English schools. Free education will be provided. Local government should bear 1/2 of schooling expenses.
The report proposed that: Chinese language is to be made 3rd language in the schooling system. Vernacular schools must be continued. Education in the Chinese School must be based on Malaya.
The details of the ordinance were: 2 types of schools were established:Malay medium schools. English medium schools.
Facilities were provided to teach Chinese & Tamil. c) Chinese & Tamil schools not included under NES. d) English Language was taught from Standard 1 in Malay medium schools. e) Malay Language was taught from Standard 3 in the English medium schools.
b)
f)
g)
Malay & English Language are made compulsory in all schools. Chinese & Tamil Language can be taught if there are 15 students and parents made applications. Assistance is given to all the schools. Secondary level schools were established: Malay Language medium National Secondary School, English language is compulsory. English Language Medium Vernacular Secondary School, Malay Language is compulsory.
ESTABLISHMENT OF NES RAHMAN TALIB STATEMENT 1960 & EDUCATION ACT 1961
Rahman Talib Statement was produced in 1960 after re-evaluation on Razak Statement 1956. The proposal in the Rahman Talib Statement, was included under the Education Act 1961.
ESTABLISHMENT OF NES RAHMAN TALIB STATEMENT 1960 & EDUCATION ACT 1961
The details under the Education Act 1961 were: a) Primary School children are given opportunity to further their studies to secondary school. b) Free education at the national primary schools & national secondary schools. c) Schooling age is between 6 to 15 years. d) Those who fails in academic schools are offered to vocational schools agriculture, crafting and cooking.
ESTABLISHMENT OF NES RAHMAN TALIB STATEMENT 1960 & EDUCATION ACT 1961
2 types of schools were established: national schools & vernacular schools. b) Curriculum & examinations were standardised in all national schools & vernacular schools. c) Malay Language as national language was taught in primary schools substituting English Language as language medium. d) Chinese & Tamil Language can be taught if there are 15 students and applications from parents. e) Islamic Studies should be taught if there are 15 students.
a)
ESTABLISHMENT OF NES RAHMAN TALIB STATEMENT 1960 & EDUCATION ACT 1961
The transformation of English Language to Malay Language as language medium is conducted in Peninsular in 1970. Education Act 1961 is then expanded to Sabah and Sarawak in 1976. Therefore, a national education system has been developed.
RUKUN NEGARA
Introduced on 31 August 1970. Formed by National Negotiation Council with the aim of cultivating national integration as result of the outburst of the 13th May 1969 event. It is hoped to shape peoples personality as a Malaysian race. Was made as the nations ideology similar to Pancasila in Indonesia and Declaration of Independence in United States.
RUKUN NEGARA
1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Rukun Negara has 5 principles: Belief in God Loyalty to King and Country Upholding the Constitution Rule of Law Morality and Good Behaviour
RUKUN NEGARA
1st principle = Formal religion is Islam, but other religions can be practised freely. By leading a religious life, the people will inculcate good moral values such as honesty, patience, loyalty, helpful etc. 2nd principle = HRH is the symbol of the nations dignity, unity and peoples freedom. All the people in this country must be loyal to King. Status of the Malay Rulers cannot be questioned.
RUKUN NEGARA
3rd principle = Constitution is the highest law in the country and it guarantees the right of all the people. Everyone must respect the Constitution. This principle also means that the people must respect the law approved by the provision in the Constitution. 4th principle = Laws are dignified regulations as the approval was through the provisions under the Constitution. People have similarities or equal status. The people should adhere to the laws of the country.
RUKUN NEGARA
5th principle = People should posses good behaviour which are well-respected, honest, trustworthy, loyalty, co-operative, tolerance etc. Such attributes will cultivate the togetherness & harmony in the country to ensure the countrys peace.