Index

Problems With Conventional Methods Emergence Of CEET Different Ways Of Energy Transfer Inductive Power Transfer Working Principle Model Of Magnetic System Simulation results Applications Methods Of Improving Efficiency References

Problems associated with the conventional methods

 Results in greenhouse gases and pollute environment  Wear and tear on electrical contacts  Exposure to environmental problems  Around 23% of transmission and distribution losses

Also the technology for alternative sources of energy like solar, wind etc are still considered costly.

Emergence of CEET
 In 1996, Auckland Uniservices developed an Electric Bus power system using electrodynamic induction and Prof. John Boys Team commissioned 1st commercial IPT Bus in New Zealand.  Prof. Marin Solacic, at MIT, wirelessly powered a 60W light bulb with 40% efficiency at 2 meters with two 60 cm-diameter coils.

What Contactless Energy Transmission Is

 Transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an electrical load without interconnecting wires  Large amount of power transmitted is received  Closely related to optimization of transferable power, efficiency and heat development  Elimination of cables, slip rings, plugs and sockets, increasing reliability  Maintenance free operation

Different Ways of Energy Transfer

1. Electromagnetic induction A) Electrodynamic induction method B) Electrostatic induction method 2. Electromagnetic radiation A) Microwave method B) Laser method 3. Electrical conduction

Electromagnetic Induction
Electrodynamic induction method
 This wireless transmission technique is near field over distances up to about one-sixth of the wavelength used. Near field energy itself is non-radiative but some radiative losses do occur. In addition there are usually resistive losses.  Electric current flowing through a primary coil creates a magnetic field that acts on a secondary coil producing a current within it.  Inductive coupling allows power transfer from few mW up to hundred KW

Electrostatic Induction Method

 Electrostatic or capacitive coupling is the passage of electrical energy through a dielectric  The capacitive coupling is used in low power range (sensor supply systems)  The electric field is created by an alternating current of high potential and high frequency

Electromagnetic radiation
Microwave method  More directional power transmission via radio waves, allowing longer distance power beaming, with shorter wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.  A rectenna is used to convert the microwave energy back into electricity having efficiency greater than 95%

Laser method
 Closer to visible region of spectrum (10s of microns (um) to 10s of nm)  Power can be transmitted by converting electricity into a laser beam that is then pointed at a solar cell receiver  Also known as power beaming

Advantages
 no radio-frequency interference to existing radio communication  control of access; only receivers illuminated by the laser receive power  compact size of solid state lasers

Disadvantages
 Conversion to light, such as with a laser, is inefficient.  Conversion back into electricity is inefficient, with photovoltaic cells achieving 40%-50% efficiency  Atmospheric absorption causes losses.  As with microwave beaming, this method requires a direct line of sight with the target

Electrical Conduction
 Actual displacement of charge through earth and atmosphere.  Low frequency alternating current transmitted through earth with low loss because the net resistance of earth is less than 1 ohm.  The electrical displacement is also by means of electrostatic induction  Electrical conduction through atmospheric strata is made possible by the creation of discharge plasma through the process of atmospheric ionization.

Working Principle Of IPT

 Consists of magnetically coupled transmitter coil L1 and a receiver coil L2  Alternating current in transmitter coil generates magnetic field inducing voltage in the receiver coil  Efficiency depends on the coupling (k) between the inductors and their quality (Q)

Model Of Magnetic System

The inductances L(h), L1 and L2 can be obtained by means of a magnetic flux simulation. The inductances can be calculated as described in the following equations:

L(h): main inductance R1, R2: ohmic resistances R(L): secondary load resistance L1, L2: leakage inductances

Observations from results

Maximum output power depends on:  square of the primary magneto motive force,  the main inductance  transmission frequency

Applications
 Powering the Home  Wireless Charging  Defence  Space based Solar Power  Transport

Portable phone battery Charger

Methods of improving efficiency

Leakage inductance compensation method

 Realized by a parallel resonance capacitor or series resonance capacitor at secondary coil  Resonance capacitor is independent of secondary load resistance given by 1/(L1+L20)(N2*N2)(w*w)

Use Of ferrite cores

 improves the magnetic characteristics.  Increases transferable electrical power and efficiency

Conclusion
Thus we have seen that wireless energy transmission has improvements over the conventional ones. An efficiency greater than 90 % can be realized by using this system. A lot of study is being done in this field. It finds application in many fields like spacecraft propulsion, battery charging and defence. Thus this technology used in combination with the conventional methods can lead to an effective and efficient system.

References
Eer, A.; Nagel, A.: Contactless high speed signal transmission integrated in a compact rotatable power transformer. European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Brighton 1993, Vol. 4, pp 409-414 Green, A. W.; Boys, J. T.: 10 kHz inductively coupled power transmission concept and control. International Conference on Power Electronics and Variable Speed Drives, London 1994, pp 694-699 Knaup, P.; Hasse, K.: Zero voltage switching converter for magnetic transfer of energy to movable systems. European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Trondheim 1997, Vol. 2, pp 168-173 Hayes, J. G.; Hall, J. T.; Bellino, G.; Conroy, K.: Off-board incuctive charging for the Genaral Motors EV1electric vehicle.