PROJECT REPORT Organization Behaviour

TOPIC - PERSONALITY
 BATCH SU0710  NAME ANDREW CHARA CHANZERA  ENROLMENT NO SAA04M138ELB1HA3  TRIMESTER FIFTH

LESSON PLAN
Get to understand what is meant by Personality. Look at personality theories,  Different methods for measuring personality, Describe some personality characters, Habits of effective people in organizations, Managerial issues regarding individual differences in organizations, and  Organization-based personality characteristics.

WHAT IS PERSONALITY ?
 Personality is the particular combination of emotional, attitudinal, and behavioral response patterns of an individual.Its a broad amorphous designation relating to fundamental approaches of persons to others and themselves.  Its like a pattern of stable states and characteristics of a person that influences his/her behaviour toward goal achievement.

PERSONALITY THEORIES
 Several factors influence the shaping of our personality.Major among these are; Hereditary, Culture, Family background, Our experiences through life, The people we interact with,and also Genetic factors.

1. Traits Theory
 The traditional approach of understanding personality was to identify and describe personality in terms of traits. In other words, it viewed personality as revolving around attempts to identify and label permanent characteristics that describe an individual's behavior.  Popular characteristics or traits include; Shyness, Aggressiveness,

Cont;
Submissiveness, Laziness, Ambition, Loyalty, and Timidity.

 This distinctiveness, when they are exhibited in a large number of situations, are called personality traits..

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 The more consistent the characteristic and the more frequently it occurs in diverse situations, the more important that trait is in describing the individual

2. The Psychoanalytic Perspective Theory

 Founded by Sigmund Freud, this theory emphasizes the influence of the unconscious, the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts, and early childhood experience on a person.  This theory has been very influential not only in psychology but also in literary circles, art, psychiatry and films.  Many of Freuds ideas have become part and parcel of every day usage.

Cont;
 Freud started his career as a neurologist. His theory developed in the course of his observations of his patients, as well as, self analysis. He used free association to help his patients recover forgotten memories.  Freud discovered that mind is like an iceberg and we have limited conscious awareness.  Freud proposed that psychological forces operate at three levels of awareness;

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 Conscious level: The thoughts, feelings, and sensations that one is aware of at he present moment.  Preconscious level: It contains information of which one is not currently aware, however, they can easily enter conscious mind.  Unconscious level: It consists of thought, feelings, wishes, drives etc. of which we are not aware. It, however, influences our conscious level of activity.

Cont;
 Freud thought that unconscious material often seeks to push through to the conscious level in a disguised manner. It may be in a distorted manner and or it may take a symbolic form. Interpretation of dreams and free association were used for analysis of the three levels of awareness.

Personality Structure
 Freud believed that human personality emerges due to a conflict between our aggressive and pleasure seeking biological impulses and the internalized social restraints against them.  Thus, personality arises in the course of our effort to resolve the conflicts. To this end he proposed three structures which interact with each other.  They include;

a).Id
 It is the unconscious, irrational part of personality. It is the primitive part immune to morality and demands of the external world. It operates on the pleasure principle.  It seeks immediate satisfaction.

b).Ego
 It is involved with the workings of the real world. It operates on the reality principle. It is the conscious, and rational part of personality that regulates thoughts and behaviors.  It teaches the person to balance demands of external world and needs of the person.

c).Super Ego
 It is the internal representation of parental and societal values. It works as the voice of conscience, that compels the ego to consider not only the real but also the ideal.  It judges ones behaviors as right or wrong, good or bad.  Failing up to moral ideals bring about the shame, guilt, inferiority and anxiety in the person.

Personality Development
 Freud reached at a conclusion that personality development occurs through a sequence of psychosexual stages.  In these stages the Ids pleasure seeking tendency focuses on different areas of body.

3. The Social Cognitive Perspective Theory

 This perspective was developed by Albert Bandura. It views behaviour as influenced by the interaction between persons and the social context.  It is proposed that our thoughts and actions originate in the social world but it is essential to note that human beings have capacity for selfregulation and engage in active cognitive processes.

Cont;
 Their interrelationships are shown below; Cognitive factors

Behavioural factors

Environment al factors

Cont;
 Bandura developed the concept of self efficacy which incorporates a personscognitive skills, abilities and attitudes as represented in ones self-system. Selfefficacy indicates the degree to which one is convinced of the abilities and effectiveness in meeting the demands of a particular situation.  The theory is based on laboratory research. However, the theory ignores the unconscious factors which may influence behaviour.

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 The theory also emphasizes the rational side of life while ignoring the emotional side.  The cognitive-social theory brings into focus the role of thought and memory in personality. We often find that the expectations and skills learned by people are very important in determining behaviours.

4. The Humanistic Perspective Theory

 These theories propose that within each individual is an active creative force, often called self. This force seeks expression. It develops and grows.  This perspective, also known as the third force, emphasizes on human potential and characteristics like self-awareness and free will. It views human beings as innately good.  The conscious and subjective perception of self is considered very important.

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 Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are the main proponents of the humanistic perspective.  Abraham Maslow proposed the idea of self actualized people. He proposed that human motives are arranged in a hierarchy of needs, organized from physiological needs to self transcendence.

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 Maslow notes that the self actualized people have realistic perception, are spontaneous, easily accept self and others, are creative, and enjoy and appreciate positive aspects of life, like privacy and independence.

 Carl Rogers thinks that the basic human motive is actualizing tendency. It is the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism. Rogers observed that people are motivated to act in accordance with their self concept.

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 They deny or distort the experiences that are contrary to their self-concept. The ideal condition for development is unconditional positive regard.  His notion of a fully functioning individual is that the self-concept is flexible and evolving. It holds an optimistic view of human beings.

Maslows hierarchy of needs

 Maslows theory maintains that a person does not feel a higher need until the needs of the current level have been satisfied. Maslow's basic needs are as follows Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc . Belongingness and Love needs - work group, family, affection, relationships, etc.

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Esteem needs - self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc. Self-Actualization needs - realising personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.

MEASURING PERSONALITY
 Personality tests can be scored using a dimensional (normative) or a typological (ipsative) approach. Dimensional approaches such as the Big 5 describe personality as a set of continuous dimensions on which individuals differ.  Efforts to measure personality constructs stem from a variety of sources. Frequently they grow out of theories of personality;

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anxiety and repression (the forgetting of unpleasant experiences), for example, are among the central concepts of the theory of psychoanalysis. It is understandable that efforts would be made to quantify ones degree of anxiety, for example, and to use the score thus obtained in the assessment of and in the prediction of future behaviour.

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 Measuring and assessing individual personality traits may be useful in identifying and predicting future sporting talents from a young age  There are however, questions over validity and reliability as well as the time consuming and expensive nature of such testing  The following are methods by which personality can be measured: Interviews

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Questionnaires Observation

 Interviews and Questionnaires allow an element of 'cheating' by answering questions in such a way as to influence the outcome. During observations the individual must be aware of the process as observations in secret are unethical. This however, leaves the testing open to changes in the individuals behavior as a result of being watched.

PERSONALITY CHARACTERS
 Character and personality are distinct levels in the evolution of the human being.  When people display nice behavior, we say they are presentable. At the next level, when they have character, they can accomplish something.  At a further level, being endowed with personality, they can create something original.  Behavior is superficial and comes through training. It is a channel through which a man expresses himself.

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 The energies for behavior come from the vital emotions, whereas the energies for character come from the mind. The vital energies are short-lived responses to a situation. The ordinary man who is popular with everyone behaves well, has polite manners and does not criticize anyone. He is very presentable in society. But if this is where his growth has stopped, he cannot accomplish anything in the ordinary sense of the word.

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 For personality, the capacity of the mind to take an idea to an idealistic level, for the achievement of the ideal is where it differs from character.  A man with personality will be open-minded. He wont be bound by his opinions or have rigid preferences.  He will prefer what is best at that moment and be willing to change his habits if necessary.

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 To sum up, the pure components of personality are: In the mind -- presence of mind, clarity, understanding; In the will -- steadiness and equality; In the heart -- conservation, warmth, expansiveness and magnetism; In the vital -- energy; In the physical -- perseverance and endurance for work.

Habits of effective people in organizations

 The First Three Habits surround moving from dependence to independence (i.e. self mastery): Habit 1: Be Proactive Synopsis: Take initiative in life by realizing that your decisions (and how they align with life's principles) are the primary determining factor for effectiveness in your life. Take responsibility for your choices and the subsequent consequences that follow.

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Habit 2: Begin with the End in Mind Synopsis: Self-discover and clarify your deeply important character values and life goals. Envision the ideal characteristics for each of your various roles and relationships in life. Habit 3: Put First Things First Synopsis: Plan, prioritize, and execute your week's tasks based on importance rather than urgency. Evaluate whether your efforts exemplify your desired character values,

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propel you toward goals, and enrich the roles and relationships.  The next three have to do with Interdependence (i.e. working with others): Habit 4: Think Win-Win Synopsis: Genuinely strive for mutually beneficial solutions or agreements in your relationships. Value and respect people by understanding a "win" for all is ultimately a better long-term resolution than if only one person in the situation had gotten his way.

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Habit 5: Seek First to Understand, Then to be Understood Synopsis: Use empathetic listening to be genuinely influenced by a person, which compels them to reciprocate the listening and take an open mind to being influenced by you. This creates an atmosphere of caring, respect, and positive problem solving.

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Habit 6: Synergize Synopsis: Combine the strengths of people through positive teamwork, so as to achieve goals no one person could have done alone. Get the best performance out of a group of people through encouraging meaningful contribution, and modeling inspirational and supportive leadership.

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 The Last habit relates to self-rejuvenation: Habit 7: Sharpen the Saw Synopsis: Balance and renew your resources, energy, and health to create a sustainable, long-term, effective lifestyle.

Conclusion
 What personality requires is pure understanding, independent of a second person.  The general endowments of personality are: pure intelligence in the mind, warmth and expansiveness in the heart, dynamism in the vital, endurance and perseverance in the physical.  If these things are there on their own, they will include all the capacities of character.

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 Mind acts according to fixed habits and preferences.  There are great men of very high character. Their preference is always for refined living and their habits are good habits.  Their mental constructions are of a high level of accomplishment. But they are bound by their opinions.

Conti;
 Character cannot include personality, but personality must include the capacities of character and not be limited by them.  Character requires understanding, strength of will, perseverance, and energy. Ideas are potential, powerful and supported by the society.  The capacity for the mind to act on an idea gives you character. All men of high character will have strong, good opinions.