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IGNITION PRINCIPLES
GASOLINE ENGINES
1. Uses SPARK IGNITION SYSTEM 2. Called a SPARK IGNITION ENGINE. 3. Fuel and air mixed in a carburetor ( Injection chamber if fuel injected). 4. Fuel drawn into cylinders. 5. Fuel/air mixture ignited by electric spark from sparkplug(s).
IGNITION PRINCIPLES
DIESEL ENGINES
1. Engine takes atmospheric air and compresses it in cylinder head. 2. Injects fuel into combustion space ( cylinder head) 3. Fuel injectors. NO carburetors 4. Require extremely CLEAN fuel to properly ignite 5. Compression heating ignites fuel 6. NO SPARK PLUGS
OPERATING CYCLE
1. All reciprocating engines have definite operating cycle 2. Either 2-Stroke or 4-Stroke 3. STROKE: Up or Down movement of piston 4. Each PISTON completes 2 strokes for each revolution of the crankshaft.
OPERATING CYCLE
FOUR STROKE (CYCLE)
1. Each piston goes through 4-strokes 2. Crankshaft has 2 revolutions / one cycle 3. One power stroke per 2 revolutions of crank shaft
OPERATING CYCLE
INTAKE STROKE
1.
2. Exhaust valve closed. 3. PISTON: Moving DOWN. 4. FUEL/AIR MIXTURE: Drawn IN through intake valve.
OPERATING CYCLE
COMPRESSION STROKE
1. Both INTAKE and EXHAUST valves CLOSED. 2. PISTON moving UP. 3. Fuel/air mixture is COMPRESSED. 4. Ignition Spark and Compression heating ignites mixture.
OPERATING CYCLE
POWER STROKE
1. INTAKE and EXHAUST valves are CLOSED 2. PISTON moving DOWN 3. CRANKSHAFT TURNS. 4. POWER stroke only time power is translated to crankshaft.
OPERATING CYCLE
EXHAUST STROKE
1. EXHAUST valve OPEN 2. INTAKE valve CLOSED 3. PISTON moving UP THIS ENDS THE 4-STROKE CYCLE The piston immediately starts down again and the cycle process starts over.
OPERATING CYCLE
TWO STROKE
1. DIESEL ENGINES ARE MOSTLY TWO STROKE 2. GASOLINE ENGINES MOSTLY LIMITED TO OUTBOARDS 3. HAS ONE COMPRESSION AND ONE POWER STROKE
OPERATING CYCLE
TWO STROKE (DIESEL)
1. ONE power stroke for each revolution of the crankshaft 2. TWICE as many power strokes as in the four-stroke engine. 3. Cylinder has exhaust valve but NO INTAKE VALVE. 4. Air comes in through PORTS in cylinder wall 5. 2-STROKE DIESELS GIVE EXCELLENT SERVICE
CARBURETOR
1. A device used to send a fine spray of fuel into a moving stream of air through the intake valves into the combustion chamber in the cylinder head of the engine. 2. On gasoline engines, used to control the fuel/air mixture.
OPERATING CYCLE
COMPRESSION RATIOS
1. With compression ratio in diesel of 14:1, cylinder head temperature ~ 1000F. This heat ignites the fuel mixture without the spark plug ignition. 2. Diesel compression ration are close to 14: 1 to 16: 1 3. Gas compression ratios are close to 4: 1` to 8: 1
POWER SYSTEM
POWER SYSTEM
CYLINDERS PISTONS - CRANKSHAFTS
1. PISTONS: Move up and down in the cylinder; attached to the crankshaft and transmits power to the crankshaft . 2. CYLINDERS: Cast in a single engine block with a hardened sleeve alloy sleeve to reduce wear. 3. CRANKSHAFT: Changes the reciprocating motion of the piston and rods into rotary motion of the crankshaft which turns the propeller.
POWER SYSTEM
VALVE and CAMSHAFT
1. VALVES: Opened by a CAMSHAFT which is driven by a CRANKSHAFT. 2. Let fresh air in. Allow combustion gasses to vacate. 3. CAMSHAFT: Changes rotary to intermittent reciprocating motion.
POWER SYSTEM
AIR
1. 4-STROKE (Cycle): Air enters INTAKE VALVE. 2. 2-Stroke (Cycle): Air enters PORTS in cylinder wall.
POWER SYSTEM
LUBRICATION
1. Delivers oil to moving parts to assist in engine cooling and reducing friction. 2. Uses a PUMP and FILTER to cleanse and deliver
COOLING SYSTEM
WATER and AIR
1. WATER: Holding tank, circulating pump and radiator to get rid of the heat in the water. 2. Both SEA and FRESH water are used. 3. FRESH water used with self-contained system. 4. SEA water straight from the environment.
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
1. GENERATOR/ALTERNATOR: Produces the electrical current to operate the vessels system and charge the battery. 2. VOLTAGE REGULATOR: Controls the voltage from the generator/alternator 3. CUT OUT: Keeps the battery from discharging through the alternator/generator at low speeds. 4. STARTER: An electric motor. Diesel may have separate starter motor. 5. Battery: Diesels require TWICE the power of gas engines. 6. Wiring harness: Carries the electrical current.
IGNITION SYSTEM(S)
1. Ignition COIL 2. Mechanical Breaker 3. Condenser 4. Distributor 5. Spark Plug(s) 6. Switch 7. Wiring
2. MECHANICAL BREAKER(POINTS): Break the current at proper time 3. CONDENSER: Prevents arcing when the points are open. 4. DISTRIBUTOR: Serves as a selector switch to distribute the current to the individual spark plugs (gas engine only) 5. SPARK PLUG(S): ( Gasoline engines only)Provided the fire to ignite the fuel in the combustion chamber. (Spark comes from the COIL, NOT the battery)
Battery Ignition switch Ignition coil (Low side) Breaker points ( in distributor) condenser
TROUBLE SHOOTING
GAS ENGINES REQUIRE: 1. CORRECT FUEL-AIR MIXTURE 2. GOOD COMPRESSION 3. GOOD SPARK DIESEL ENGINES REQUIRE: 1. CORRECT FUEL PRESSURE 2. HIGH COMPRESSION 3. NO AIR IN FUEL LINE(S)
REVIEW QUESTIONS
REVIEW QUESTIONS
2. The cam shaft ______________________
REVIEW QUESTIONS
3. Diesel engines have high compression ratios, in the range of 16:1 to 20:1 in order to______________
REVIEW QUESTIONS
4. A 2-stroke engine________________
REVIEW QUESTIONS
5. In a diesel engine, fuel ________________
REVIEW QUESTIONS
6. In a gasoline engine the fuel-air mixture ratio is controlled by the ____________________
b. carburetor
REVIEW QUESTIONS
REVIEW QUESTIONS
8. Which of the following groups of items are common to both the diesel and 4-cycle gasoline engine?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
9. The primary circuit of the ignition system for gasoline engines includes the _____________
10. The high voltage that produces the spark in the spark plug in a gasoline engine is produced in the _____________________
a. battery b. condenser c. breaker points d. ignition coil
REVIEW QUESTIONS
10. The high voltage that produces the spark in spark plug in a gasoline engine is produced in the ___________________
d. ignition coil