BY: SOURISH BARMAN

: SOMNATH KHAMARU
: ANSHU KHANDELWAL
B.TECH ECE 2
ND
YEAR STUDENT
CONTENTS
EXORDIUM
INVESTIGATION AND RESULTS IN WUHAN
INVESTIGATION AND RESULTS IN XIAMEN ISLAND
INVESTIGATION AND RESULTS IN TAIWAN
RESEARCH IN NIGERIA
RESEARCH IN CROATIA
RESEARCH IN PORTUGAL
REMEDIES
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
EXORDIUM
Electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or
EMR) , (the radiation emitted from mobile base
stations is a non ionizing radiation ), it is not
similar to alpha, , gamma rays, as they are
ionizing( i.e. they carry much energy to ionize an
atom).
Mobile communication base station or radio
and TV broadcasting station which usually
locate in residential areas are the main
contributors to EMR. So concerns whether
exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) from
the mobile communication base station or
broadcasting station can cause adverse health
effects are grown in recent years.
INVESTIGATION IN WUHAN
In Wuhan uue to the inciease in mobile subsciibeis anu base stations
ER is incieasing theie aie some base stations that have been built on
top of the ioof anu neaiei to hospitals clinics anu iesiuential builuings
he fact is meuical uevices aie thieateneu with malfunction anu iauio
listeneis staying in such kinu of iesiuential builuings aie affecteu
because the meuical uevices anu iauio amateui aie uistuibeu uue to
electiomagnetic fielus iauiateu fiom cellulai phone base station
tiansmitteis So a suivey was taken by expeits anu the iesult that
came out aie as follows
RESULTS
To calculate the electric field
generated due to mobile
communication that relates the
electric-field strength, E, to
the peak total radiated power,
P (actually the effective
isotropic radiated power), and
the range from the
transmitter, d, q is the charge
according to the formulae:
E=(q/4d)
P=Ed/30..
Figure 1 shows the results of different
transmitter power obtained from the
simulation.
3- and 10-V/m are immunity
standards as baselines..
INVESTIGATIONIN XIAMEN ISLAND
Measurement is taken in few selected typical sites. Data were
collected randomly from April 2009 to May 2009. The
temperature was between 21C to 25C ..
The period time from 9:00 am to 6:00 pm is selected as the
surveying time when the irradiator is possibly operating at
peak value load , EMF analyzer NBM-550., It can be used to
measure non-ionizing radiation accurately, measuring
frequency range covers from 100kHz to 60GHz with the
various probes , and the value of field intensity was
calculated, and those data's were compared with the standard
value of electromagnetic waves..
RESULTS
From the monitoring results,
it's clear that typical average
electric field exposure is below
1.0 V/m which is quite low.
Maximum value reaches
3.0V/m which is less than the
safety limits described in
national standard. It shows
that the condition of
electromagnetic environment
in Xiamen Island is quite good.
Isogram of electric field intensity in Xiamen
Island is shown in Figure 2.
INVESTIGATION IN TAIWAN
The Environmental Protection Administration (EPA)
announced an easy-to-follow measurement procedure for
mobile phone base stations in 2009. The procedure consists
of :
More than 2700 mobile phone stations have been surveyed
following this procedure.
Scope &
definitions,
Instrumentation,
Selection of
measurement
positions,
Selection of
measurement
procedure
Processing of test
records
Results
They conducted a series of EM
hazard measurements requested
by residents of Taiwan.
Fig 3 depicts the location of
mobile base station antennas. The
antennas generally are located on
the roof of high tower building.
EM radiation is measured at roof
area 1 and roof area 2.
FIG : LOCATION OF MOBILE BASE STATIONS
ON ROOF TOPS
Fig. 4 defines the measured area
that is within the 3 Db beam
width of the antennas. The
farthest distance away from the
antennas is 20 m. The grid sizes d
are 1m, m and 3m for areas less
than 20 m , between 20 - 100 m
and lager than 100 m,
respectively.
FIG : 4 , LAYOUT OF MEASURED AREA
RESULTS
y Table I shows the maximum permissible exposure rate for a variety of mobile
communication systems deployed in Taiwan.
y The results that they got from the measurement reveals that the region is
much exposed to electromagnetic radiation as the power density crossed the
standards of TAIWAN, so the environment is a EM environment..
Radiations of GSM Base Station Antenna And Its Health
Consequences- A Research conducted in Nigeria
In Nigeria 98% of Global System for Mobile
(GSM) base stations (cell sites) are sited
within 20 meters from residential, business
buildings. A research was conducted by
measuring field data of radiation from GSM
base antennas emitting non-ionizing
microwave frequencies in Nigeria. It was
done for supporting evidence of public
health risks from gsm radiations that are
documented in published scientific studies
in respected, peer-reviewed journals.
RESULTS
Computed radiated power densities at 900 MHz
Computed radiated power densities at 1800 MHz
Computed radiated power density from mobile phones
CONCLUSION
The analyses of the measured data showed that the radiation power densities are
lower than 10 W/cm2. Comparing these power densities to those found in
documented evidence of health effects showed that the health effects of these
radiations are non-thermal in nature. Exposure to gsm radiations are linked to fatigue,
headache, decreased concentration, dizziness, local irritation, burning, tumour
induction, sperm motility, morphology and viability, and a reduction in male fertilizing
potential.
The most common associated health effect due to radiation from GSM antennas is
headache. Therefore, it is advisable that mobile base stations should not be sited
within 300m from residential, offices, school buildings.
Radio frequency electromagnetic field (900 MHz) induces
oxidative damage to DNA and biomembrane in tobacco shoot
cells (Nicotiana tabacum)-A research conducted in Croatia
y Personal (cellular) telecommunications is a rapidly evolving technology that
uses microwave radiation to communicate between a fixed base station and
mobile user. Exposure to radio frequency signals generated by the use of
cellular telephones have been reported to exert adverse effects on vital
biological molecules i.e. genotoxicity ion leakage and changes in cell
membrane permeability .
y Some studies have given evidence for an excitation of resonant oscillations in
chain molecules, e.g. for certain proteins and DNA molecules, within the RF
signal range. Which may lead to structural changes and chain breaks also in the
non-thermal EMF range, thus being a potential (genotoxic) EMF interaction
mechanism.
RESULTS
The single cell gel electrophoresis quantitatively measured DNA damage resolved as
strand breaks in individual nuclei. So this has been suggested as one method for
monitoring human exposure to genotoxic agents . It has been stated by many studies
that higher plants can be used as monitors of environmental mutagens and that
results obtained using them as model systems could be extrapolated to higher
animals since they are both eukaryotic organisms .
CONCLUSION
The comet assay parameters indicating damage to DNA increased after
short-term exposure to 900 MHz EMF. However, since oxidative damage to
membrane lipid and proteins was greater than that on DNA in exposed
plants, it can concluded that short-term exposure to EMF at 900 MHz
predominantly affects integrity of plasma membrane. Plants proved to be
sensitive biomarkers in monitoring effects of RF-EMF at mobile phones
range.
The monlT Project: Electromagnetic Radiation
Exposure Assessment
in Mobile Communications Conducted in Portugal
The monlT project provides public information on population exposure to electromagnetic
fields (EMF) from mobile communication systems in Portugal. The monitoring system is
based on a network of autonomous remote probing stations, and also on an extensive
EMF sounding program, both carried out in public areas across the country.
RESULTS
It was observed that in the majority of the measured
points (60.9%), E was at least 32 times below the
strictest reference level, and that 96.2% of the points
were at least 10 times below the threshold.
Observation of the plot of all outdoor locations as a
function of the distance to the antenna provided an
interesting conclusion. The distribution of the
measured field level points in graphic did not follow a
fixed decay law as a function of distance but rather
the points were evenly scattered.
This can be explained as because the number of base
stations measured (e.g.., different installation
topologies, transmission power,) and the traffic
variation with time and there were also other
transmitters present(radio ,tv,police , fire department).
SOME REMEDIES TO CURB
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS
FROM MOBILE BASE STATIONS
- Optimizing the Cellular Network
for Minimal Emission from Mobile Stations
Green Cellular
A NEW ARCHITECTURE FOR WIRELESS NETWORKS
While most wireless and cellular
networks adopt an architecture that is
based on transceiver BSs, the Green
Cellular approach suggests the
augmentation of transceiver BSs with
receive only devices. The Green
Antennas, are employed on a
sufficiently dense grid, reducing the
average Tx power of MSs to any
arbitrary value (supported by the MS),
without any additional radiation
source.
Experiment setup with a
Green Antenna
RESULTS
Comparison of the CDF of the MSs Tx power with and without Green
Antennas.
Considering a target Tx power of 4dBm ,it was noted that in the scenario without
Green Antennas only 7% of the users are below the target power, whereas approx.
40% are below the target with Green Antennas.
HIGHER UPLINK CAPACITY
The figure shows an almost
constant 40dB gap between
both setups for almost all Tx
power values. This means that a
Green Antenna in the proximity
of a MS leads to an automatic
reduction in the MSs Tx power
via the closed loop power
mechanism. This reduction is
achieved while maintaining an
identical uplink performance. It
is becoming more important as
usage profile creates more
demand for uplink traffic.
Comparison of uplink performance vs. MSs Tx
power, with and without a Green Antenna
IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS, A MULTIPLEXER IS A DEVICE THAT COMBINES
SEVERAL INPUT INFORMATION SIGNALS INTO ONE OUTPUT SIGNAL, WHICH
CARRIES SEVERAL COMMUNICATION CHANNEL, BY MEANS OF SOME MULTIPLEX
TECHNIQUE . A DEMULTIPLEXER IS, IN THIS CONTEXT, A DEVICE TAKING A SINGLE
INPUT SIGNAL THAT CARRIES MANY CHANNELS AND SEPARATES THOSE OVER
MULTIPLE OUTPUT SIGNALS. USING THIS TECHNIQUE DIFFERENT SERVICE
PROVIDERS COULD USE SAME BASE STATION AND SO AS A WHOLE THE NO OF
BASE STATIONS WOULD BECOME LESS AND THUS LEAD TOLESS EMISSIONS.
ANOTHER WAY OF REDUCING EMISSIONS BY MAKING THE CELL SIZES SMALLER.
A SMALLER CELL WOULD TRANSMIT SMALLER POWER AND HENCE THE EMWAVE
RADIATIONS WOULD BE LESS OR BE IN A CONTROLLEDMANNER.
CONCLUSION
MOBILE IS VERY PROFESSIONAL
FRIEND OF HUMANS .IT NOT ONLY
HELPS YOU BUT ALSO FORCES YOU
TO PAY A HUGE PRICE FOR
IT,WHICH IS NOT ONLY IN TERMS
OF MONEY BUT ALSO IN TERMS OF
HEALTH. BUT THE DIFFERENT
REMEDIES SUGGESTED BY US WOULD
HELP TO CURB THE HARMFUL
EFFECTS MOBILE RADIATIONS. AND
WE WILL ALSO CONDUCT FURTHER
RESEARCH AND MAKE SURE THAT WE
GET A COST EFFICIENT, HEALTHY
SOLUTION TO THIS PROBLEM IS
THE DAYS TO COME.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.Green Cellular - Optimizing the Cellular Network for Minimal Emission from Mobile Stations Doron Ezri,
Shimi ShiloGreenair Wireless, Ramat Gan, Israel, published in IEEE Xplore.
2.The monlT Project: Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure Assessment in Mobile Communications Carla
Oliveira, Daniel Sebastijo, Gongalo Carpinteirol, Luis M. Correia', Carlos A. Fernandes, Afonso Serralha, and Nuno
Marques(lnstituto Superior Thcnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal) published in IEEE Antennas
and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 49, No. 1, February 2007.
3. Siting of GSM Base Station Antenna and Its Health Consequences Okonigene R.E., PhD Senior Lecturer
Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University,
Nigeria, published in IEEE computer society pg 613-618.
4. Radio frequency electromagnetic field (900 MHz) induces oxidative damage to DNA and biomembrane
in tobacco shoot cells (Nicotiana tabacum) Sandra Radic, Petra Cvjetko, Kresimir Malaric, Mirta Tkalec, and
Branka Pevalek-Kozlina, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb,
Zagreb, Croatia. Published in IEEE Xplore pages 2213-2216.
5. Measurement of Electromagnetic Environment of Xiamen Island Chen Li-an', Wei Shengbiao'', Luo
Chaoyi', Hong Congyi', Lin Jie Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University of
Technology, Xiamen 361024, P.R.China. Published in IEEE Xplore pages 424-428.
6. Mobile phone base stations built near residential buildings a threat to radio amateur Matabishi Lloyd*,
Dong Tianlin. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Department of Electronics and Information
Engineering, Wuhan 430074, China. Published in IEEE Xplore pages 500-502.
7.Mobile Phone Users and Base Stations Versus human Health Concern Chang-yu Wu, Ta-Sung Lee and
Ching-Wen Hsue. Published in IEEE Xplore pages 748-749
8. www.wikipedia.org.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
WE ARE VERY THANKFUL TO OUR BELOVED
TEACHERS OF SKFGI ESPECIALLY PROF(DR.)
B.N.BISWAS, PROF .T.K.DEY, PROF .S.KHATUA,
PROF .J.GHOSH, PROF S.NANDI FOR THERE
ENDLESS HELP,WHICH ALLOWED US TO
COMPLETE THIS PAPER .