Why Grounding Is Used-8th Vis RC

8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference 2007 Cebu International Convention Center Mandaue City, Sept.
28-29, 2007
Why GROUNDING!!! Is Used?

Jaime V. Mendoza, PEE, MTM Board Member
BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference Sept. 28, 2007
TERMINOLGY
In Britain people have earth and in North America they have ground. They are exactly the same thing, only different terms are used in different countries. For example: Earth Leakage Circuit Interrupter and Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter
Why Grounding is Used?

To limit voltage imposed by 1. Lightning 2. Line surges 3. Unintentional contact with higher voltage lines Stabilize the voltage to ground during normal operations. Facilitate overcurrent device operation in case of ground fault on a solidly grounded system.
PEC- 2000 Section 2.50.1.2(a)
To limit the voltages imposed by lightning or line surge

PEC-2.50.1.2(a)

To limit the voltages imposed by lightning or line surge

Facilitate overcurrent device operation in case of ground fault
240V
240V
Metal parts of premises wiring are bonded to an effective ground-fault current path that has sufficiently low impedance to quickly clear line-to-case faults by opening the circuit protection device.
Earth is Not an Effective GroundFault Current Path

240
9.6
I = E/R, E = 240V, R = 25 , I = 240/25 = 9.6 A Insufficient current to trip overcurrent protection device
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

GFCI A device intended for the protection of personnel that functions to deenergize a circuit or portion thereof within an established period of time when a current to ground exceeds the values established for a device. The GCFI does not protect someone against receiving an electrical shock, but it does limit the time hazards exists. Hazard exist only during period of time fault is there.

GCFI CAN ELIMINATE THIS!

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A GFCI is designed to protect persons against electric shock. It operates on the principles of monitoring the unbalanced current Between the ungrounded and the grounded neutral conductor.
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GFCI Protection for Personnel

1. Dwelling Bathroom Receptacle
and /or 250 V

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2. Dwelling Garage Receptacle
[Sec. 2.10.1.8(a)(2)Ex 1]
All 15/20A, 125/250V receptacles installed in a dwelling unit garage must have GFCI protection.
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2. Dwelling Garage Receptacle
All 15 and 20 A, 125/250 V receptacles in accessory buildings and similar work areas must be GFCI protected.
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3. Dwelling Outdoor Receptacle
Section 2.10.1.8(3)

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4. Dwelling Basement Receptacle
All 15/20A, 125/250V receptacles in unfinished areas of basements must be GFCI protected.
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5. Dwelling Unfinished Basement
All 15/20A, 125/250V receptacles in unfinished Areas of basements must be GCFI protected.
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6. Kitchens for Countertop Appliances
All 15/20A, 125/250V, receptacles that serve dwelling unit kitchen countertop surfaces must be GFCI protected.
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6. Dwelling Laundry or Utility Sink
All 15/20A, 250V receptacles located within 6 ft or 1.8 m of a laundry or utility sink must be GFCI protected.

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7. Dwelling Wet Bar Sinks
GFCI protection required if within 1.8 m of sink

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PEC 2000- Section 2.10.1.8 (a)
a) Dwelling Units 1. Bathrooms 2. Garages 3. Outdoors 4. Crawl spaces at or below grade level 5. Unfinished basements 6. Kitchens for countertop appliances 7. Wet bar sinks
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Electric Shock
Electric Shock Severity 1. Path of Current through Body 2. Length of Time Current Flows 3. Amount of Current through Body

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Effects of AC Electric Shock

RMS Current Effects
1- 5 mA Threshold of sensation 10-20 mA Involuntary muscle contractions
20-100 mA Pain, breathing difficulties
100 - 300 mA Ventricular fibrillation, possible death
> 300 mA Respiratory paralysis, burns, unconsciousness

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Identification of Equipment Grounding Conductors

PEC 2.50.6.10

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Identification of Equipment Grounding Conductors

But, for a grounding conductor larger than No. 6 AWG or 14 mm2, an insulated conductor of other than green color or green with yellow stripes may be used provided one of the following steps is taken: PEC-2.50.6.10(a) 1. Stripping the insulation from an insulated conductor of another color (say black) for the entire length that is exposed on the box or other enclosure so that the conductor appear as a bare conductor. 2. Painting the exposed insulation green for its entire length within the enclosure. 3. Wrapping the entire length of exposed insulation with green-colored tape or green-colored adhesive labels.

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Sizing Equipment Grounding Conductors (Sec. 2.50.6.13)

The regulations for calculating the size of equipment grounding conductor are:
1. Table 2.50.6.13 shall be used to size the equipment conductor. ( Based on the rating of the protective device ahead of the equipment.) 2. When ungrounded conductors are increased in size and an equipment grounding is installed with them, the equipment grounding conductor is required to be proportionately increased in size according to the circular mil area of the ungrounded conductors.

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Sizing Equipment Grounding Conductors

3. Where more than one circuit is installed in a single raceway or cable, one equipment grounding conductor can be installed in the raceway or cable; it will be sized for the largest overcurrent device protecting conductors in the raceway or cable. 4. An equipment grounding conductor not smaller than 18 AWG copper(0.75 mm2) is permitted for flexible cords when the flexible cord is protected at or over 20 amperes.
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5. The equipment grounding conductor is never required to be larger than the circuit conductors. 6. Where the overcurrent protection is an instantaneous circuit breaker or a motor protector, the equipment grounding conductor is sized according to the size of the motor overload protective device.
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7. When conductors are run in parallel in more than one raceway or cable , as permitted in Sec. 3.10.1.4, the equipment grounding conductor is run in parallel. Each of the paralleled equipment grounding conductors is sized according to the ampere rating of the overcurrent device protecting the conductors in the raceway or cable.

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Section 2.50.6.9

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European Coding of Grounded Conductor

European Coloring Ground wire green wire with yellow stripe color Neutral wire blue color Live wire brown black and black with white strip (for 3-phase)
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US Coding of Grounded Conductor

In the US, Black is the hot wire, white is the neutral or common wire and green is the equipment grounding.

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Means of Identifying Grounded Conductor

The basic rule in PEC- 2.1.1.6(a) requires the grounded conductor Sizes 14 mm2 or smaller to be identified by: 1. A white color 2. A gray color 3. Three continuous white stripes, on other than green insulation, extending along the entire length of the conductor
Prior to the PEC-2000 Code, the gray color was permitted to be used as a hot conductor.
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PEC 2.1.1.6(a)
This means that you can use either white or gray to identify the grounded neutral conductor of a single wiring system
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PEC 2.1.1.6(a)

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Insulated grounded conductor larger than 6 AWG or 14 mm2 to be identified by the one of the following methods: PEC 2.1.1.6(b) 1. By a white or gray outer finish 2. By three continuous white stripes, on other than green insulation, running along the entire length of conductor 3. By a distinctive white marking ,encircling the conductor, placed there at the time of installation, and the identifying the grounded conductor at each termination (The identification may be by tagging, marking, painting or other effective means)
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Identifying Grounded Neutral Conductors of Different Systems

PEC 2.1.1.6(d)

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Sizing the AC Grounding Electrode Conductors

When sizing electrical conductors, the ampacity of the main consideration. This is not the case when sizing electrode conductor, it is sized according to crosssectional area of the service-entrance conductor. The size of the grounding electrode conductor is taken directly from Table 2.50.3.1.17 of PEC, when the size of the service entrance conductors is not larger than 1100 kcmil cu. Or 1750 kcmil aluminum.
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When the service entrance conductors are larger than 1100 kcmil copper or 1750 kcmil aluminum, the grounded conductor shall be 12 % of the largest phase conductor.
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What are the sizes of the grounding electrode conductors of the following if the service entrance conductors used are: 1. 500 kcmil copper 2. 500 kcmil aluminum 3. 1/0 copper 4. 2 copper
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Installation of Grounding Rods

Basic Requirements for a rod or pipe electrode are: Section 2.50.3
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Minimum length of 2.5 m or 8 ft When metal pipe or conduit is used for electrode, it is required to be not smaller than trade size conduit. Iron or steel pipe electrodes are required to have a galvanized surface or other corrosive resistant material. Rod electrode may be iron, steel, or stainless steel and are required to have a minimum diameter of 5/8 inch (16mm) diameter. Nonferrous rods, or their equivalent are required to have a minimum diameter of inch (13 mm).
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Installation of Grounding Rod

Section 2.50.13.15(G)*

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Main Bonding Jumper

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Main Bonding Jumper

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Bonded

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Sizing the Main Bonding Jumper (Sec. 2.50.2.9(d))

Three methods for sizing the main bonding jumper are given in Table 2.50.3.17. When sizing the main bonding jumper, the size and material of service entrance conductors and material used for the main bonding conductor are taken into consideration.

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Sizing the Main Bonding Jumper

Three methods for sizing the main bonding jumper are:
1. Basic Rule: Use Table 2.50.3.17, the grounding electrode conductor table, is also used for the main bonding jumper. 2. 12 Percent Rule for Large Conductors. When the total circular area of any service entrance phase conductor exceeds the maximum circular-mil area listed in Table 2.50.3.17, the main bonding jumper shall not be smaller than 12 % of the service phase conductors.
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Sizing the Main Bonding Jumper

Three methods for sizing the main bonding jumper are: 3. Rule for Using Different Materials. This rule applies when the main bonding jumper is a different material than the service-entrance conductors. One could be aluminum and the other copper for example. In this case, the minimum size of the main bonding jumper is based on assuming that the service entrance conductors are of the same material as the main bonding jumper and that ampacity is equivalent to the installed phase conductors.
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Sizing the Main Bonding Jumper (Sec. 2.50.5.13(c))
325 mm2 conductors 2.50.5.13, Table 2.50.3.17 50 mm2 Equipment Bonding Jumper

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What is Effective Grounding?

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Effective Grounding
A violation of PEC Art. 2.50.3.11 which prohibits using the same grounding electrode for a lightning rod system and a system supply.
VIOL ATIO N!!!
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Effective Grounding
PEC Art. 250.5.17 Lightning Protection System. The bonding of a system grounding electrode and a lightning rod grounding electrode.
BONDING REQUIRED!!!

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Effective Grounding
When different grounding electrodes are used for a building and are not bonded together, a voltage hazard will exist!!!
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Effective Grounding
Older designs, have independent grounding systems.
The more recent trend is to bond all the ground systems.

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Effective Grounding
How surges enter facilities

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Understanding the Lightning Discharge

Cloud electrification charge particle separation, quasi static E Field est. between cloud & ground Upward leader propagates toward downleader to complete ionised path between cloud & ground
Downleader approaches, E Field increases to point of initiation of upward streamers

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Effective Grounding
Section 2.50.5.17

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Effective Grounding

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Effective Grounding

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Why Ground Noncurrent-Carrying Conductive Materials Enclosing Electrical Equipment?

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Why Ground Noncurrent-Carrying Conductive Materials Enclosing Electrical Equipment?
EQUIPMENT GROUNDING

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Potential Difference
Potential difference between a grounded water pipe and an ungrounded motor.

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Motor ground-fault. A hazard now exists.

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There is a Voltage!
The hazard results in an electric shock.

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There is a Voltage!!
Another shock hazard exists.

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Shock hazard eliminated by installing a bonding jumper.

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Neutral Conductor (PEC2.50.2.17(b)) The neutral conductor from the neutral point of the transformer or the generator to its connection point to the grounding impedance shall be fully insulated. The neutral conductor shall have an ampacity of not less than the maximum current rating of the grounding impedance. In no case shall the neutral conductor be smaller than 8.0 mm2 copper or 14 mm2 aluminum or copperclad aluminum.
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Neutral Conductor (PEC 2.50.2.17(b))

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Grounded Conductor
Not a neutral because it is not a 3 0r 4 wire system.

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Grounded Conductor

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Grounding and bonding at the service equipment BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

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Why Grounding Is Used-8th Vis RC

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8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference 2007 Cebu International Convention Center Mandaue City, Sept.

Why GROUNDING!!! Is Used?

8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference Sept. 28, 2007

Why Grounding is Used?

8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference Sept. 28, 2007

Why Grounding is Used?

Why Grounding is Used?

8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference Sept. 28, 2007

To limit the voltages imposed by lightning or line surge

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Why Grounding is Used?

8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference Sept. 28, 2007

To limit the voltages imposed by lightning or line surge

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Why Grounding is Used?

8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference Sept. 28, 2007

Facilitate overcurrent device operation in case of ground fault

Why Grounding is Used?

8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference Sept. 28, 2007

Earth is Not an Effective GroundFault Current Path

Why Grounding is Used?

8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference Sept. 28, 2007

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Why Grounding is Used?

8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference Sept. 28, 2007

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

GCFI CAN ELIMINATE THIS!

Why Grounding is Used?

8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference Sept. 28, 2007

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Why Grounding is Used?

8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference Sept. 28, 2007

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Why Grounding is Used?

8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference Sept. 28, 2007

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

Why Grounding is Used?

8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference Sept. 28, 2007

GFCI Protection for Personnel

and /or 250 V

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Why Grounding is Used?

8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference Sept. 28, 2007

GFCI Protection for Personnel

Why Grounding is Used?

8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference Sept. 28, 2007

GFCI Protection for Personnel

Why Grounding is Used?

8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference Sept. 28, 2007

GFCI Protection for Personnel

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Why Grounding is Used?

8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference Sept. 28, 2007

GFCI Protection for Personnel

Why Grounding is Used?

8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference Sept. 28, 2007

GFCI Protection for Personnel

Why Grounding is Used?

8th Visayas IIEE Region VII Conference Sept. 28, 2007