Simulation and Analysis of Wireless Mesh Network In Smart Grid / Advanced Metering Infrastructure

Masters Thesis Philip Huynh

Spring 2011

Outline of the Talk

Introduction Related work Real-time Smart Grid Meter Data Collection using Hybrid WiMAX/Wi-Fi Networks Smart Grid Wireless Infrastructure Planning (SG-WIP) Tool. Simulation Results of SG-SIM Lessons Learned Future Direction Conclusion

Masters Thesis

Philip Huynh

Spring 2011

Introduction

What is the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)? The need to collect metering data in real-time
y Save the material usage for the electric power generation by

correctly predict the load demand and build the load profile

Masters Thesis

Philip Huynh

Spring 2011

Wireless Mesh Network for AMI

High scalable and performance networks y Can deploy on the large service areas: urban, suburb y Low cost installation and maintenance Secured networks: IEEE802.16, IEEE 802.11s

Wi-Fi mesh networks with WiMAX backhaul

Masters Thesis Philip Huynh

Wireless technologies (source: Intel)

Spring 2011

CSU AMI Infrastructure

Masters Thesis

Philip Huynh

Spring 2011

Related Work
1.

Wireless Mesh Networks: A Survey [AWW05]

The author presented many open research issues needed to be solved such as scalability, self-organization and self-configuration, security, network integration. The critical factors influencing protocol design were discussed for improvement objectives.

2.

The Nominal Capacity of Wireless Mesh Networks [JS03]

The authors shown that for WMNs the throughput of each node decreases as O(1/n), where n is total number of nodes in the network. Moreover, for a given topology and the set of active nodes, the upper bounds on the throughput of any node can be exactly calculated.

3.

Architecture and Algorithms for an IEEE 802.11-based Multi-channel Wireless Mesh Network [RC05]
The author proposed a novel multi-channel WMN architecture that effectively addresses the bandwidth problem by fully exploiting non-overlapped radio channels that the IEEE 802.11 standards make available.

Masters Thesis

Philip Huynh

Spring 2011

Related Work (2)

4.

Multi-Channel Mesh Networks: Challenges and Protocols [KSCV06]

The authors considered the use of multi-channel to improve the throughput of Wireless Mesh Network (WMN). The main challenges were highlighted and two link-layer protocols were presented for utilizing multiple channels

5.

Capacity of Grid-Oriented Wireless Mesh Networks [ANMK08]

The author presented an analytical framework for determining the nominal capacity of multi-radio multi-channel Wireless Mesh Network (WMN). As the research conclusion, the effects of WMN design parameters such as network topology, network size, routing methods, channel assignment schemes etc. are interlinked and a judicious selection is essential to maximize capacity.

6.

Coverage and capacity of a wireless mesh network [HWC05]

The authors proposed a scalable multi-channel ring-based WMN architecture and developed an analytical framework to evaluate the capacity and coverage of such a network.

Masters Thesis

Philip Huynh

Spring 2011

Related Work (3)

7.

The IEEE 802.11s Extended Service Set Mesh Networking Standard [CK08]
The author presented how the developing IEEE 802.11s ESS Mesh Networking Standard draft addresses technical challenges of the pervasive development of wireless mesh networks (WMNs), the efficient allocation of mesh resources (routing and MAC layers), the protection of network resources (security and power savings), and the elimination of spatial bias (congestion control).

8.

An Improved IEEE 802.16 WiMAX Module for the ns3 Simulator [IPGT10]
The authors presented the new features and enhancements that were integrated within the ns-3 WiMAX module. These proposed features can make easier and more realistic the evaluation and design of WiMAX systems.

Masters Thesis

Philip Huynh

Spring 2011

Challenges & Approach

Challenges in Design and Deployment AMI Network using WMN

y How to evaluate the network performance: hundred thousands of

smart meters, complicated architecture y How the scalability affects to the performance

Approach
y Develop a Network Topology Planning Tool y Develop a Network Simulator for AMI Communication Network y Simulate the network model and Analyze the results

Goals
y Develop techniques and tools to evaluate the performance of

AMI WMN.

Masters Thesis

Philip Huynh

Spring 2011

Hybrid WiMAX/Wi-Fi Network Model

(a)

(b)

Hybrid WiMAX/Wi-Fi Network Model (a) Example of WiMAX network (WAN)

Masters Thesis

(b) Example of Wi-Fi mesh network (NAN)

Philip Huynh Spring 2011

SG-WIP Tool
A mashup that overlays the wireless infrastructure and GIS data (street light poles, housing units) on the Google Maps Visually planning the Antenna mounting place for the WiMAX/Wi-Fi network Export the network topology as XML file for further research Can be integrated to the network simulator

Masters Thesis

Philip Huynh

Spring 2011

SG-WIP: GUI

GUI includes components: Main Menu, Network Topology Overlay, Google Maps, and Topology Information Panel.
Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011

SG-WIP: Navigating Topologies

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) using WiMAX point-to-multi point: grid 10x10, 10 km x 10 km (WxH)
Masters Thesis

Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) using Wi-Fi mesh: grid 10x10, 1 km x 1 km (WxH)
Spring 2011

Philip Huynh

SG-WIP: Exporting Topology

Local Area Network (LAN) using Wi-Fi point-to-multi point: square, 100 m x 100 m (WxH)
Masters Thesis

Exporting the LAN topology as an XML file

Philip Huynh Spring 2011

SG-WIP: Changing Antennae Position

(a)

(b)

WiMAX base stations antennae: (a) Before changing, location at (5, 5); (b) After changing, location at (6, 9)
Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011

SG-WIP: Code
// Calculate the center point of the Colo Sprgs boundary house/building units

// Show the map of Colorado Springs var csCenter = getCenter(new GeoRectangle(csSW, csNE)); var latlng = new google.maps.LatLng(csCenter.Latitude, csCenter.Longitude); // Map's options var myOptions = { zoom: startZoom, center: latlng, mapTypeId: google.maps.MapTypeId.ROADMAP, mapTypeControl: true, navigationControl: true, scaleControl: true }; // Map object instance map = new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById("mapcanvas"), myOptions); // Add the network topology as an overlay object on map polygon = new google.maps.Polygon({ paths: paths, strokeColor: FillColor, strokeOpacity: 1, strokeWeight: LineWeight, fillColor: FillColor, fillOpacity: 0.01 }); polygon.setMap(map); overlaysArray.push(polygon);
Masters Thesis

// Handle the Click event on the network topology google.maps.event.addListener(polygon, 'click', function(event) { var lat = event.latLng.lat(); var lng = event.latLng.lng(); Network.clickEvent(lat, lng); } // Geographical coordinates helper functions //This uses the haversine formula to calculate great-circle distances between //the two points that is, the shortest distance over the earths surface // giving an as-the-crow-flies distance between the points (ignoring any hills!). function distance_between(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2){ var dLat = (lat2-lat1)*degrees_to_radians; var dLon = (lon2-lon1)*degrees_to_radians; var a = Math.sin(dLat/2) * Math.sin(dLat/2) + Math.cos(lat1*degrees_to_radians) * Math.cos(lat2*degrees_to_radians) * Math.sin(dLon/2) * Math.sin(dLon/2); var c = 2 * Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(a), Math.sqrt(1-a)); var d = earth_radius * c; return d; }

});
Spring 2011

Philip Huynh

SG-SIM Simulator
Implements the proposed hybrid WiMAX/Wi-Fi Network Model on NS-3 platform The network simulator NS-3 is

y Open source project y Popular and accepted by network research

community

Parameters of the Simulator

y Network types: WAN, MAN, NAN, LAN y Number of nodes, Transmission Rate y Others: network initialization time,

Masters Thesis

Philip Huynh

Spring 2011

SG-SIM: Code
// Install node location for WiMAX base station, gateways MobilityHelper mobility; mobility.SetPositionAllocator ("ns3::GridPositionAllocator", "MinX", DoubleValue (0.0), "MinY", DoubleValue (0.0), "DeltaX", DoubleValue (1000), "DeltaY", DoubleValue (1000), "GridWidth", UintegerValue (5), "LayoutType", StringValue ("RowFirst")); mobility.SetMobilityModel ("ns3::ConstantPositionMobilityModel"); mobility.Install (bsNodes); mobility.Install (ssNodes); // Create a packet sink to receive these packets Address sinkLocalAddress (InetSocketAddress (Ipv4Address::GetAny (), 50000)); PacketSinkHelper sinkHelper ("ns3::UdpSocketFactory", sinkLocalAddress); ApplicationContainer sinkApp = sinkHelper.Install (serverNode); sinkApp.Start (Seconds (start)); sinkApp.Stop (Seconds (duration)); // Install the app on the SS nodes for (int i=0; i<nbSS; i++) { // build the application Ptr<SgOnOffApplication> sgOnOff = CreateObject<SgOnOffApplication>(); sgOnOff->SetAttribute ("Protocol", StringValue ("ns3::UdpSocketFactory")); sgOnOff->SetAttribute ("OnTime", RandomVariableValue (ConstantVariable (1))); sgOnOff->SetAttribute ("OffTime", RandomVariableValue (ConstantVariable (0))); sgOnOff->SetAttribute ("DataRate", DataRateValue (DataRate (m_packetDataRate))); sgOnOff->SetAttribute ("PacketSize", UintegerValue (lenPacket)); sgOnOff->SetAttribute ("Remote", remoteAddress); sgOnOff->SetStartTime (Seconds (start + 0.000001*i)); ssNodes.Get (i)->AddApplication(sgOnOff); }

Masters Thesis

Philip Huynh

Spring 2011

Simulation Experiments

Experiment Design Vision

y Evaluate the performance of AMI Infrastructure y How the scalability impacts to the performance

Measure the performance of network with many source nodes at the specific Constant Bit Rate (CBR) Confirm to smart meter density analysis (using SGWIP)

Masters Thesis

Philip Huynh

Spring 2011

LAN Simulation Results

WLAN (IEEE 802.11a) w/ variable SMs Simulation
120 100 Packets 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 SMs Packets Tx Packets Rx Total Processing Delay (us) 80 100 120 10,000 5,000 0 25,000 20,000 15,000 Time (us) Spring 2011

Tx packets = Rx packets Total processing delay increases linearly with the number of smart meter
Masters Thesis Philip Huynh

NAN Simulation Results

WNAN (IEEE 802.11s Mesh) w/ variable APs Simulation
500 400 Packets 300 15,000 200 10,000 100 0 0 1 2 3 4 APs Packets Tx Avg. Packets Rx Total Processing Delay (us) 5 6 7 8 9 5,000 0 30,000 25,000 Time (us) 20,000

Tx packets = Rx packets Total processing delay increases rapidly with the number of mesh routers.
Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011

MAN Simulation Results

WMAN (IEEE 802.16d) w/ variable GWs Simulation
2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 GWs Packets Tx Avg. Packets Rx Total Processing Delay (us) 6 7 8 9 10 1,000,000 990,000 980,000 Time (us) 970,000 960,000 950,000 940,000 930,000 920,000

Tx packets = Rx packets Total processing delay converges to 930 msecs. It caused by 5 msecs fixed frame time in IEEE 802.16 standard.
Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011

Packets

MAN Simulation Results (2)

WMAN (IEEE 802.16d) w/ 10 GWs, various subpacket lengths simulation
35,000 30,000 25,000 Packets 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Number of meter data packets Packets Tx Total Sub Packet Rx Packets Rx Total Processing Delay (us) Total Sub Packet Tx 990,000 985,000 980,000 975,000 970,000 965,000 960,000 955,000 Time (us) Spring 2011

Impact on the network performance by aggregating meter data at the gateway

Tx packets = Rx packets when number of meter packets < 16 Tx packets > Rx packets when number of meter packets >= 16 (caused by UDP packet fragmentation) Total processing delay increases slowly with the number of meter packets
Masters Thesis Philip Huynh

WAN Simulation Results

WAN (Star Topology) w/ various cable lengths simulation
30,000 25,000 20,000 Packets 15,000 300,000 10,000 5,000 0 0 20 40 60 Cable Length (km) Packets Tx Total Meter Packet Rx Packets Rx Total Processing Delay (us) Total Meter Packet Tx 80 100 120 200,000 100,000 0 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 Time (us) Spring 2011

The total processing time was linearly increased with the length of the optical cables.

Masters Thesis

Philip Huynh

Lessons Learned
Development of SG-WIP Tool Challenges in testing and debugging source code for Web application (used PHP/JavaScript) GIS Information Acquisition: time consuming process Development of SG-SIM Simulator
Found the bug in NS-3 WiMAX module that can affect

the simulation results and reported to NS-3 community at: http://www.nsnam.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=1025

Simulation Experiments in NS-3 The initialization phase of wireless networks Bugs in Wi-Fi Mesh, WiMAX modules
Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011

Future Direction
Fully integrate the SG-WIP tool with SG-SIM

simulator Improve the antenna placement algorithm

Increase availability of wireless networks

Database systems for storing the real-time meter

data

Masters Thesis

Philip Huynh

Spring 2011

Conclusion

The proposed WiMAX/Wi-Fi WMN can transport the meter data from 160,000 smart meters in the CSU service areas to the data center in one second. The high scalability property of WiMAX/Wi-Fi WMN helps flexibly extend the coverage area of the AMI wireless infrastructure without degrading the network performance. The proposed WiMAX/Wi-Fi infrastructure allows the utilities deploying an AMI wireless communication infrastructure not only at low cost of installation and maintenance but also with high performance, scalability, and security.
Philip Huynh Spring 2011

Masters Thesis

Demo

Illustrate network topology planning with SG-WIP Tool

http://scad.eas.uccs.edu/sgwip/wan.html

Some demonstrations of SG-SIM simulator

Masters Thesis

Philip Huynh

Spring 2011

References

[DoE01] U.S. Department of Energy, Smart Grid, <http://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htm> [DoE02] U.S Department of Energy, Smart Grid: An Introduction, <http://www.oe.energy.gov/SmartGridIntroduction.htm> [Wiki01] Smart Grid, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid> [NIST10] National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 1.0, Jan. 2010. [NETL08] National Energy Technology Laboratory, white paper Advanced Metering infrastructure, February 2008. [Chow09] Edward Chow, Lecture Secure Smart Grids, Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, 2009. [IEEE11] IEEE Standard 802 Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, 2007. [IEEE15] IEEE Standard 802 Part 15.1: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Personal Area Networks (WPANs), 2005. [IEEE16] IEEE Standard 802 Part 16: Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access Systems, 2009. [IEEE11s] IEEE, Draft amendment: ESS mesh networking, IEEE P802.11s Draft 1.00, November 2006. [Moh01] Prasant Mohapatra, Lecture Wireless Mesh Networks, Department of Computer Science University of California, Davis. [AWW05] I. F. Akyildiz, X. Wang, and W. Wang, "Wireless Mesh Networks: A Survey," Computer Networks Journal (Elsevier), vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 445-487, Mar. 2005. [Kri01] Srini Krishnamurthy, Smart AMI Network Solutions Enable the Smart Grid, ElectricEnergyOnline.com, <http://www.electricenergyonline.com/?page=show_article&mag=55&article=395> [Met01] MetroFi, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetroFi> [Sky01] SkyPilot, <http://skypilot.trilliantinc.com> [Eka01] EkaNet, <http://www.ekasystems.com/ekanet.htm> [JS03] J. Jangeun and M. L. Sichitiu, The Nominal Capacity of Wireless Mesh Networks, in IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine, October 2003, vol. 10 no. 5, pp. 814. [RC05] A. Raniwala and T. cker Chiueh, Architecture and Algorithms for an IEEE 802.11-based Multi-channel Wireless Mesh Network, in Proceedings of INFOCOM 2005, March 2005, vol. 3, pp. 22232234. [ANMK08] Akhtar, Nadeem and Moessner, Klaus, Capacity of Grid-Oriented Wireless Mesh Networks, 3rd International Conference on Communication Systems Software and Middleware and Workshops, Volumes 1 and 2 . pp. 631-636. [HWC05] Jane-Hwa Huang, Li-Chun Wang, Chung-Ju Chang, Coverage and capacity of a wireless mesh network, Wireless Networks, Communications and Mobile Computing, 2005 International Conference on, Vol. 1 (2005), pp. 458-463. [CK08] Joseph D. Camp and Edward W. Knightly, The IEEE 802.11s Extended Service Set Mesh Networking Standard, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 46, No. 8. (August 2008), pp. 120-126. [KSCV06] P. Kyasanur, J. So, C. Chereddi, and N. H. Vaidya ,Multi-Channel Mesh Networks: Challenges and Protocols, in IEEE Wireless Communications, April 2006. [IPGT10] Mohamed Amine Ismail, Giuseppe Piro, Luigi Alfredo Grieco, Thierry Turletti, An Improved IEEE 802.16 WiMAX Module for the ns-3 Simulator, Proceedings of SIMUTools Conference, 2010 , March, 2010. [INTL04] Intel Corporation, white paper Understanding Wi-Fi and WiMAX as Metro-Access Solutions, 2004. [LLT03] B. Liu, Z. Liu, and D. Towsley, "On the capacity of hybrid wireless networks", in Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, Mar. 2003, vol. 2, pp. 1543-1552. [ZR06] S. Zhao and D. Raychaudhuri, "On the Scalability of Hierarchical Hybrid Wireless Networks, Proceedings of the Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS 2006), March 2006, pp. 711-716. [ZSR04] S. Zhao, I. Seskar and D. Raychaudhuri, "Performance and Scalability of Self-Organizing Hierarchical Ad-Hoc Wireless Networks," Proceedings of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC'04), Atlanta, GA. March 2004, pp. 132-137. [OSI] OSI Model, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model> [Wimax] WiMAX community, <http://www.wimax.com> [NS3] The Network Simulator Ns-3, <http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/> [NCTU01] NCTUns 6.0 Network Simulator and Emulator, <http://nsl.csie.nctu.edu.tw/nctuns.html> [NCTU02] The Protocol Developer Manual for the NCTUns 6.0, Network and System Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan 2010. [HSWL07] S.M. Huang, Y.C. Sung, S.Y. Wang, and Y.B. Lin, NCTUns Simulation Tool for WiMAX Modeling, Third Annual International Wireless Internet Conference, October 22 24, 2007, Austin, Texas, USA. (EI and ISI indexed, sponsored by ICST, ACM, and EURASIP) [SH06] N.B. Salem and J.P. Hubaux, "Securing Wireless Mesh Networks," Wireless Comm., vol. 13, no. 2, 2006, pp. 5055. [PSC06] Michael Purvis, Jeffrey Sambells, and Cameron Turner, Beginning Google Maps Applications with PHP and Ajax, Apress, 2006. [Goog01] Google Maps JavaScript V3, <http://code.google.com/apis/maps/documentation/javascript/>

Masters Thesis

Philip Huynh

Spring 2011