Generation of wireless Network

Technologies used in 1G/2G/2.5G/3G/4G

Analog and Digital Signals

Analog Signals

Advantage of Analog Signals

Digital Signals

Advantage of Digital Signals

Analog and Digital Clocks

Analog to digital Transmission

Digital transmission involves sending a series of symbols, ones and zeros; from one point to another. Because speech is analogue, that is, a continuous wave form; it must be converted to digital signals before it can be transmitted. This process is called analogue to digital conversion (A/D conversion).

The A/D conversion is performed by using a process called Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). PCM is a common method used in telecommunication systems. It involves the three main steps described below: Sampling Quantization Coding

SAMPLING
Sampling involves measuring the analogue signal at specific time intervals. Each measurement is called a sample and the sampling time interval is defined as Ts [s]. The accuracy of describing the analogue signal in digital terms depends on how often the analogue signal is sampled, among other things. This is expressed as the sampling frequency: fs=1/Ts [Hz].

According to the Sampling principle:

Normal speech mainly contains frequency components lower than 3000 Hz. Higher components have quite low energy and may be omitted without affecting the speech quality very much. Applying the sampling principle when sampling analogue speech signals, the sampling frequency, fs, should be at least 2 x 3 kHz = 6 kHz. Telecommunication systems use a sampling frequency of 8 kHz, which is acceptable based on the Sampling principle.

QUANTIZATION
In order to limit the number of values transmitted, the amplitude level is divided into a finite set of levels. Each sample within a certain interval is represented by one of these levels. Figure 6.6 shows the principle of quantization applied to the analogue signal the actual sample and the quantified value. The figure shows the principle of Uniform Quantization used in the GSM system. In uniform quantization, the distance between two levels is constant.

CODING
Every quantified value is represented by a binary code. In order to obtain the 256 levels, 8 bits are used (2^8 = 256). In GSM, 13 bits are used to obtain the 8192 levels (2^13 = 8192). The process of PCM, including sampling at 8 kHz and performing quantization and coding using 8 bits; produces a bit rate of 8000 x 8 = 64 kbit/s. A digital link used to transmit these bits is called a PCM link.

In order to use the link more efficiently several channels are multiplexed onto the same link. The technique used is called Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and it means that several channels share the same link. Each channel uses the link during a certain amount of time called a time slot. Figure 6.7 shows how 32 channels are multiplexed onto one PCM link, forming a first order PCM system. The bit rate on such a link is 32 x 8 x 8000 = 2048 kbit/s called as E1 Link

Multiplexing 32 channels into one PCM link.

There is also a solution where 24 channels are multiplexed onto one PCM link. The bit rate for this solution is 24 x 8 x 8000 = 1544 kbit/s. This type of link is preferable in the US Called as T1 Link. The result from the process of A/D conversion is 8,000 samples per second of 13 bits each. This is a bit rate of 104 kbits/s. When it is considered that 8 subscribers use one radio channel, the overall bit rate would be 8 x 104 kbits/s = 832 kbits/s. Recalling the general rule of 1 bit per Hertz, this bit rate would not fit into the 200 kHz available for all 8 subscribers. The bit rate must be reduced somehow - this is achieved using segmentation and speech coding.

Modulation
Modulation is the Process of Varying the Characteristics of high Signal(Carrier) in accordance with instantaneous Value of low signal(modulating Signal). Signals are of low amplitude Strength with low frequency (20 Hz to 20 KHz). To send signal up to longer distance Modulation is Required

Types of Modulation
Three types of Digital Modulation Technique
Amplitude Shift Keying Modulation Frequency Shift Keying Modulation Phase Shift Keying Modulation

The Modulation used in GSM is Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying(GMSK), a kind of Phase frequency Shift Keying.

GMSK(Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying )

In GSM, the carrier bandwidth is 200 kHz. As a general rule, using simpler modulation techniques, 1 bit/s can be transmitted within 1 Hz. Using this method, only 200 kbits/s could be transmitted within 200 kHz. However, more advanced modulation techniques are available which can transmit more bits/s within 1 Hz. The modulation technique used in GSM is Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK). GMSK enables the transmission of 270kbit/s within a 200 kHz channel. The channel capacity in GSM does not compare favorably with other digital mobile standards, which can fit more bits/s into a channel. In this way the capacity of other mobile standards is higher. However, GSM s GMSK offers more tolerance of interference. This in turn enables the tighter re-use of frequencies, which leads to an overall gain in capacity which out-performs that of other systems.

GMSK Diagram

Multiple Access Technology

Multiple Access Technique is achieved by dividing the available radio frequency spectrum, So that multiple users can be given at the same time.

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

( eg.GSM each user frequency channel is 200Hz )

Time division multiple access (TDMA)

( eg.GSM each frequency channel is divided into 8 time slots )

Code division multiple access (CDMA)

( eg.IS 95- Each user data is coded with unique code)

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

Frequency division multiplexing is used to allow multiple user to share a physical communication channel , It is called frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

Time division multiple access (TDMA)

TDMA is a channel access method for shared medium network . It allows several user to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots . he user transmit in rapid success in ,one after the other , each using his own time slot.

Code division multiple access (CDMA)

CDMA is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies .

Duplex Technology
Types of Duplexing Technology Frequency division duplex (FDD)
( eg; In GSM the up link and down link of a user is separated by 45 MHz)

Time division duplex (TDD)

( eg; In GSM the up link and down link of a user will be the same frequency but at different Time)

Duplex Technology

FREQUENCY CONCEPTS
The following table summarizes the frequency-related specifications of each of the GSM systems. The terms used in the table are explained in the remainder of this section.

FREQUENCY
An MS (Mobile Station) communicates with a BTS by transmitting or receiving radio waves, which consist of electromagnetic energy. The frequency of a radio wave is the number of times that the wave oscillates per second. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz), where 1 Hz indicates one oscillation per second. Radio frequencies are used for many applications in the world today. Some common uses include: Television: 300 MHz approx. FM Radio: 100 MHz approx. Mobile networks: 300 - 2000 MHz approx. The frequencies used by mobile networks vary according to the standard being used. An operator applies for the available frequencies

UPLINK AND DOWNLINK

The MS to the network is referred to as uplink. The direction from the network to the MS is referred to as downlink.

Logic question Why uplink band consists of lower range of frequency?

Because it requires less power to transmit a lower frequency over a given distance , uplink frequency in mobile system are always the lower band of frequency- this saves a valuable battery power of the MS

Wave Length
There are many different types of electromagnetic waves. These electromagnetic waves can be described by a sinusoidal function, which is characterized by wavelength. Wavelength is the length of one complete oscillation and is measured in meters (m). Frequency and wavelength are related via the speed of propagation, which for radio waves is the speed of light (3 x108 m/s). The wavelength of a frequency can be determined by using the following formula:

Wavelength = Speed/Frequency

Thus, for GSM 900 the wavelength is: Wavelength = 3 x 108m/s/900 MHz Wavelength = 300,000,000 m/s/900,000,000 Wavelength = 0.33 m (or 33 cm) From this formula it can be determined that the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength. Lower frequencies, with longer wavelengths, are better suited to transmission over large distances, because they bounce on the surface of the earth and in the atmosphere. Television and FM radio are examples of applications, which use lower frequencies.

Higher frequencies, with shorter wavelengths, are better suited to transmission over small distances, because they are sensitive to such problems as obstacles in the line of the transmission path. Higher frequencies are suited to small areas of coverage, where the receiver is relatively close to the transmitter. The frequencies used by mobile systems compromise between the large-coverage advantages offered by lower frequencies and the closeness-to-the-receiver advantages offered by use of higher frequencies.

Module B;Overview of GSM

What is GSM? Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital modulation

Evolution of GSM
GSM in world

GSM in INDIA

Fundamentals of GSM
The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a set of recommendations and specifications for a digital cellular telephone network (known as a Public Land Mobile Network, or PLMN). These recommendations ensure the compatibility of equipment from different GSM manufacturers, and interconnectivity between different administrations, including operation across international boundaries. GSM networks are digital and can cater for high system capacities. They are consistent with the world-wide digitization of the telephone network, and are an extension of the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), using a digital radio interface between the cellular network and the mobile subscriber equipment.

CELLULAR TELEPHONY
A cellular telephone system links mobile subscribers into the public telephone system or to another cellular subscriber. Information between the mobile unit and the cellular network uses radio communication. Hence the subscriber is able to move around and become fully mobile. The service area in which mobile communication is to be provided is divided into regions called cells. Each cell has the equipment to transmit and receive calls from any subscriber located within the borders of its radio coverage area.

Cell

Radio

Mobile subscriber

GSM FREQUENCIES
GSM systems use radio frequencies between 890-915 MHz for receive and between 935-960 MHz for transmit. RF carriers are spaced every 200 kHz, allowing a total of 124 carriers for use. An RF carrier is a pair of radio frequencies, one used in each direction. Transmit and receive frequencies are always separated by 45 MHz.

UPLINK FREQUENCIES

DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES

890

915

935

960

UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 45MHZ

Extended GSM (EGSM)

EGSM has 10MHz of bandwidth on both transmit and receive. Receive bandwidth is from 880 MHz to 890 MHz. Transmit bandwidth is from 925 MHz to 935 MHz. Total RF carriers in EGSM is 50.

UPLINK FREQUENCIES

DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES

880

880

925

935

960

UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 45MHZ

DCS1800 Freqency DCS1800

DCS1800 systems use radio frequencies between 1710-1785 MHz for receive and between 1805-1880 MHz for transmit. RF carriers are spaced every 200 kHz, allowing a total of 373 carriers. There is a 100 kHz guard band between 1710.0 MHz and 1710.1 MHz and between 1784.9 MHz and 1785.0 MHz for receive, and between 1805.0 MHz and 1805.1 MHz and between 1879.9 MHz and 1880.0 MHz for transmit. Transmit and receive frequencies are always separated by 95 MHz. DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES
UPLINK FREQUENCIES

1805 MHz
1710 MHz 1785 MHz

1805 MHz

1880 MHz

UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 95MHZ

GSM STRUCTURE

GSM Architecture
Home Location Register

BTS = Base Transceiver Station AuC = Authentication Center OMC = Operation and Maintenance Center PSTN = Public Switched Telephone Network ME = Mobile Equipment

AuC
Equipment ID

Network Management Center

Visitor Location Register

OMC

Subscriber Identity Module Subscriber Identity Module Subscriber Identity Module

ME

BT S

Mobile switching center Base station controller

PSTN

Data communication network

ME

BT S

ME

BT S

Source: Stallings, 313 Source: Mehrotra, 27

INTERFACE NAMES
Each interface specified in GSM has a name associated with it

GSM System Architecture

Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Base Station Controller (BSC)

Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Home Location Register (HLR) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Authentication Center (AUC) Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Operational support Subsystem(OSS)

Mobile Station(MS)
The Mobile Station is made up of two entities:

1. Mobile Equipment (ME) 2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Mobile Equipment 
     Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held device Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) Voice and data transmission Monitoring power and signal quality of surrounding cells for optimum handover Power level : 0.8W 20 W 160 character long SMS.

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) 

    Smart card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Allows user to send and receive calls and receive other subscribed services Encoded network identification details - Key Ki,Kc and A3,A5 and A8 algorithms Protected by a password or PIN Can be moved from phone to phone contains key information to activate the phone

International Mobile Subscribers Identity - IMSI

 Network Identity Unique to a MS  The International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is the primary identity of the subscriber within the mobile network and is permanently assigned to that subscriber.  The IMSI can be maximum of 15 digits.
MCC MNC

MSIN

404

XX

12345..10

MCC = Mobile Country Code ( 3 Digits ) MNC = Mobile Network Code ( 2 Digits ) MSIN = Mobile Subscriber Identity Number

Mobile Station International Subscribers Dialling Number ( MSISDN ) :

 Human identity used to call a MS  The Mobile Subscriber ISDN (MSISDN) number is the telephone number of the MS.  This is the number a calling party dials to reach the subscriber.  It is used by the land network to route calls toward the MSC.

CC 98

NDC XXX

SN 12345

CC= Country code NDC= National Destination Code SN= Subscriber Number

Temporary Mobile Subscribers Identity ( TMSI ) :

 The GSM system can also assign a Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI).  After the subscriber's IMSI has been initialized on the system, the TMSI can be used for sending messages backwards and forwards across the network to identify the subscriber.  The system automatically changes the TMSI at regular intervals, thus protecting the subscriber from being identified by someone attempting to monitor the radio channels.  The TMSI is a local number and is always allocated by the VLR.  The TMSI is maximum of 4 octets.

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts that communicate across the standardized Abis interface allowing operation between components made by different suppliers

1. 2.

Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Base Station Controller (BSC)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS):

    Encodes ,encrypts ,multiplexes , modulates and feeds the RF signals to the antenna. Frequency hopping Communicates with Mobile station and BSC Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units

Base Station Controller (BSC)

       Manages Radio resources for BTS Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MS s in its area Handles call set up Transcoding and rate adaptation functionality Handover for each MS Radio Power control It communicates with MSC and BTS

Structure of Base Station Controller(BSC)

Base Station Controller (BSC) Siemens BSC (BSC)

Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
      Heart of the network Manages communication between GSM and other networks Call setup function and basic switching Call routing Billing information and collection Mobility management - Registration - Location Updating - Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff  MSC does gateway function while its customer roams to other network by using HLR/VLR.

Structure of Mobile Switching Centre(MSC)

Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) Lucent MSC

Home Location Registers (HLR) - permanent database about mobile subscribers in a large
service area(generally one per GSM network operator) database contains IMSI ,MSISDN ,prepaid/postpaid ,roaming restrictions ,supplementary services.

Visitor Location Registers (VLR)

Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters its area, by HLR database Controls those mobiles roaming in its area Reduces number of queries to HLR Database contains IMSI ,TMSI ,MSISDN ,MSRN ,Location Area , authentication key

Authentication Center (AUC)

 Protects against intruders in air interface  Maintains authentication keys and algorithms and provides security triplets ( RAND ,SRES ,Kc)  Generally associated with HLR

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

 - Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI

(International Mobile Equipment Identity)  Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The Black List and the Gray List  Only one EIR per PLMN

Operational support Subsystem(OSS) OR Operation And Maintenance Centre For Radio (OMC-R) OMC The OMC controls and monitors the Network elements within a region.  The OMC also monitors the quality of service being provided by the Network.  The following are the main functions performed by the OMC-R The OMC allows network devices to be manually removed for or restored to service. The status of network devices can be checked from the OMC and tests and diagnostics invoked.

The alarms generated by the Network elements are reported and logged at the OMC. The OMC-R Engineer can monitor and analyze these alarms and take appropriate action like informing the maintenance personal. The OMC keeps on collecting and accumulating traffic statistics from the network elements for analysis. Software loads can be downloaded to network elements or uploaded to the OMC.

Operation And Maintenance Centre For Radio (OMC-R) (OMC-

Base Station Identity Code

 BSIC allows a mobile station to distinguish between neighboring base stations.  It is made up of 8 bits.

NCC = National Colour Code( Differs from operator to operator ) BCC = Base Station Colour Code, identifies the base station to help distinguish between Cell s using the same BCCH frequencies

Cell Global Identity ( CGI )

GSM CHANNEL CONCEPT

Physical channel - Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as a physical channel. Per carrier there are 8 physical channels. Logical channel - Variety of information is transmitted between the
MS and BTS. There are different logical channels depending on the information sent. The logical channels are of two types Traffic channel Control channel

GSM Traffic Channels

GSM Control Channels

BCH Channels
BCCH( Broadcast Control Channel )
Downlink only Broadcasts general information of the serving cell called System Information BCCH is transmitted on timeslot zero of BCCH carrier Read only by idle mobile at least once every 30 secs . Downlink only Carries information for frame synchronization. frame number and BSIC.

SCH( Synchronization Channel )

Contains TDMA

FCCH( Frequency Correction Channel )

Downlink only. Enables MS to synchronize to the frequency. Also helps mobiles of the n cells to locate TS 0 of BCCH carrier.

CCCH Channels
RACH( Random Access Channel )
Uplink only Used by the MS to access the Network.

AGCH( Access Grant Channel )

Downlink only Used by the network to assign a signaling channel upon success full decoding of access bursts.

PCH( Paging Channel )

Downlink only. Used by the Network to contact the MS.

DCCH Channels
SDCCH( Standalone Dedicated Control Channel )
Uplink and Downlink Used for call setup, location update and SMS.

SACCH( Slow Associated Control Channel )

Used on Uplink and Downlink only in dedicated mode. Uplink SACCH messages - Measurement reports. Downlink SACCH messages - control info.

FACCH( Fast Associated Control Channel )

Uplink and Downlink. Associated with TCH only. Is used to send fast messages like handover messages. Works by stealing traffic bursts.

Traffic Channel
TCH carries the Voice data one TCH is allocated for every active call

Full Rate
used 22.8kbps/s used for Speech at 13 kbps/s or Sending data at 9.6 kbps/s

Half rate
used for Speech at 6.5 kbps/s or Sending data at 4.8 kbps/s

TDMA Frame Structure in GSM

1 TDMA FRAME 2OO kHZ 4.615 ms
O.577 ms

TS 0

TS 1

TS 2

TS 3

TS 4

TS 5

TS 6

TS 7

FACCH SCH BCCH PCH RACH AGCH

SDCCH SACCH CBCH

TCH TCH SACCH SACCH FACCH FACCH

TCH FACCH SACCH

TCH SACCH FACCH

TCH SACCH FACCH

TCH SACCH FACCH

Channel Concept
HYPERFRAME AND SUPERFRAME STRUCTURE
3h 28min 53s 760ms 0 1 6.12s 0 0 1 2 1 2 1 Hyperframe = 2048 superframes = 2,715,648 TDMA frames 2045 2046 2047

1 Superframe = 1326 TDMAframes = 51(26 fr) 0r 26(51 fr) multiframes 3 47 48 24 49 25 50

120ms 0 1 2 23 24 25 0 1 2

235.38ms 48 49 50

Traffic 26 - Frame Multiframe 4.615ms 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Control 51 - Frame Multiframe

TDMA Frame

Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN)

The ARFCN is a number that describes a pair of frequencies, one uplink and one downlink. The uplink and downlink frequencies each have a bandwidth of 200 kHz. The uplink and downlink have a specific offset that varies for each band. The offset is the frequency separation of the uplink from the downlink. Every time the ARFCN increases, the uplink will increase by 200 khz and the downlink also increases by 200 khz.

Therefore 124 channels available for each UL and DL in GSM 900 and 374 channels available in GSM 1800 GSM 900= 1 to 124 GSM 1800= 512 to 885 To calculate actual frequency; For GSM 900 Band UL freq-Fu(n)=890+0.2(1<n=124) DL freq-F(d)(n)=Fu(n)+45 For GSM 900 Band UL freq-Fu(n)=1710.2+(n-512)*0.2(512<n<=124) DL freq-F(d)(n)=Fu(n)+95

Call Flow in GSM

 Mobile Originated Call  Mobile Terminated Call

Mobile Originated Call

Mobile Terminated Call

RADIO INTERFACE

INTERFERENCE

What is interference Interference is the sum of the all signals contributions that are neither noise not the wanted signal.

Source of interference
Another mobile in the same cell. A call in process in the neighbor cell. Other base station operating on the same frequency.

Two types of Interference

Co Channel Interference Adjacent Channel Interference

Co Channel Interference
This type of Interference is due to frequency reuse, eg Several cells use the same set of frequency . These cells are called Co Channel Interference Co Channel Interference cannot be combated by increasing the power of the transmitter .This is because an increase in carrier transmit power increases the Interference to neighbor co-channel cells. To reduce Co Channel Interference , Co Channel cells must be physically separated by a minimum distance to provide sufficient isolation due to propagation or reduce the foot print of cell .

Adjacent Channel Interference

Interference resulting from signal which are adjacent in frequency to the desired signal is called Adjacent Channel Interference. Adjacent Channel Interference results from imperfect receiver filters which are near by frequency to leak into the baseband. Adjacent Channel Interference can be minimized through careful filtering and channe3 assignments. By keeping the frequency separation between each channel in a given cell as large as possible, the adjacent interference may be reduced considerably.

FREQUENCY HOPPING

Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping is sequential change of carrier frequency on the radio link between BS and MS.  Can be used to improve the quality of the network  Also can be used to increase the capacity of the Network thereby reducing the number of sites required for CAPACITY. The way it works  Each burst is transmitted on a different frequency  Both mobile and base station follow the same hopping sequence

TYPES OF HOPPING Base Band Hopping (BBH) Synthesiser Frequency Hopping (SFH)

Hopping Parameters
For frequency hopping operability, GSM defines the following set of parameters: Mobile Allocation (MA): Set of frequencies the mobile is
allowed to hop over. MA is a subset of all the frequencies allocated by the system operator to the cell (cell allocation) although it can be the same. Eg:- If the operator has frequencies from 1 -32, then he can use 1-15 for BCCH and 17-32 for hopping ( MA).

Hopping Sequence Number (HSN): Determines the hopping

order used in the cell. 64 different HSNs can be assigned, where HSN = 0 provides a cyclic hopping sequence and HSN = 1 to 63 provide various pseudorandom hopping sequences.

Mobile Allocation Index Offset (MAIO): Determines inside the

hopping sequence which frequency the mobile starts to transmit on.

Short Message Services (SMS)

Short Message Services(SMS) is the text communication services component of phone ,web or mobile communication system , using standardized communications protocols that allow the exchange of short message between f5xed line 6r mobile phone devices .

SMS Applications
 SMS up to 160 alphabets characters.  Alert services (MT-SMS) voice message alert FAX/Telex Message Alert E-mail system Alert  Information Services Financial Services (stock market queries and alerts) Weather OR traffic information (eg; from TV/Radio station data feeds)

Concept of GPRS/EDGE

GPRS(General Packet Radio Services )

General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) is a packet based wireless communication service that promises data rates from 56 up to 114 kbps and continuous connection to the Internet for mobile phone and computer users. The higher data rates allow users to take part in video conferences and interact with multimedia Web sites and similar applications using mobile handled devices as well as notebook computers. GPRS is based on Global System for Mobile(GSM) communication and complements existing services such circuit Switch cellular phone connections and the Short Message Service (SMS). GPRS packet-based services cost users less than circuit-switched services since communication channels are being used on a shared-use, as-packets-are-needed basis rather than dedicated to only one user at a time.

GPRS Network
GPRS network provide the mobility management ,session management , transport for internet protocol packet services in GSM network GPRS support node(GSN)-It is node which support use of GPRS in GSM network .there are 2 key variant GGSN(Gateway GPRS Support Node) SGSN(Serving GPRS Support Node) Benefits of GPRS network; High speed data rate 14.4-115 kbps. Efficient use of Bandwidth Circuit Switching and Pocket Switching are used in parallel. Constant Connectivity

Comparison of GSM and GPRS

EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Environment)

EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Environment)
EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Environment) is a faster version the Global System for Mobile (GSM) wireless service designed to deliver data at rates up to 384 kbps and enable the delivery of multimedia and other broad band applications to mobile phone and computer users. The EDGE standard is built on the existing GSM standard, using the same time-division multiple access (TDMA) frame structure and existing cell arrangements. EDGE is particular used as a GPRS solution for large data services ,Such as Streaming Video and Video Conferencing.

HANDOVER

HAND OVER
The changing to a new traffic channel , During call setup or busy state is called Handover. he network makes the decision about the change .After receiving the information about the signal strength and quality the BSC ranks the neighbour BTSs using through information.

HANDOVER CONDITIONS
HANDOVER CONDITIONS
Handover is done on five conditions Interference RXQUAL RXLEV Distance or Timing Advance Power Budget

Interference RXQUAL -

If signal level is high and still there is RXQUAL problem, then the RXQUAL problem is because of interference.

It is the receive quality. It ranges from 0 to 7 , 0 being the best and 7 the worst

RXLEV - It is the receive level. It varies from -47dBm to -110dBm. Timing Advance - Ranges from 0 to 63. Power budget - It is used to save the power of the MS.

HANDOVER
HANDOVER TYPES IntraIntra-Cell Handover

 Handover takes place in the same cell from one timeslot to another timeslot of the same carrier or different carriers( but the same cell).  Intra-cell handover is triggered only if the cause is interference.  Intra-cell handover can be enabled or disabled in a cell.

HANDOVER
HANDOVER TYPES InterInter-BSC Handover

Handover takes place between different cell which are controlled by the different BSC.

HANDOVER
HANDOVER TYPES InterInter-MSC Handover

Handover takes place between different cell which are controlled by the different BSC and each BSC is controlled by different MSC

Uses of Handover
 To keep a continuous communication with a moving MS  To improve network service performance To reduce the call drop rate To reduce the congestion rate

Cell Selection
 When the mobile is turned on , it ill try to contact o public GSM PLMN , so the MS ill select a proper cell and extract from the cell the control channel parameters and system message .This selection process is called cell selection .the quality of radio channel is important factor cell selection , GSM specification defines the path loss rule C1.For the so- called proper cell,C1>0 must be ensured

Cell Reselection
 Cell Reselection (C2) is a process ,when MS change its service cell idle mode.  When the MS selects a cell it will begin to measure the signal levels of the BCCH TRX of its adjacent cells , record the Adjacent cells whose signal levels are the strongest and extract from them various types of strongest and extract from them various types of system message and control message of each adjacent cell.  When given conditions are met ,the MS will move from the current cell into another one . This process is called Cell reselection.

Pilot Pollution in Network

The number of strong cells Exide more than then number of active cells called Pilot Pollution .

Overshooting in Network
The another site signal strength is strong than the active cell site is called Overshooting . eg; Adjacent Site Signal is Stronger than our current site signal