SC-FDMA

Single Carrier FDMA in LTE

By JALLA. RAVIKUMAR

Contents
Introduction Overview of SC-FDMA SC-FDMA implementation in 3GPP LTE Peak power characteristics of SC-FDMA signals Uplink resource scheduling in SC-FDMA systems Summary and Conclusions

Introduction
 Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) promising technique for high data rate uplink communications in future cellular systems, which is a modified form of Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA).  SC-FDMA is a modified form of OFDM with similar throughput performance and complexity.

Cont..
 This is often viewed as DFT-coded OFDM where timedomain data symbols are transformed to frequency-domain by a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) before going through the standard OFDM modulation.

Draw backs of OFDM

 The OFDMA waveform exhibits very pronounced envelope fluctuations resulting in a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).  Another problem with OFDMA in cellular uplink transmissions derives from the inevitable offset in frequency references among the different terminals that transmit simultaneously.

Cont..
 A major problem with OFDM and OFDMA is high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)  Transmitted amplitude with large variation  Requires a linear amplifier at transmitter  Linear amplifies consumes high power  OK at base station  For mobile station, this consumes battery  LTE uses a solution for UL: SC-FDMA  Single carrier transmission

OverviewOverview of SC-FDMA of SC-FDMA

 SC-FDMA is a new multiple access technique.  Utilizes single carrier modulation, DFT-spread orthogonal frequency multiplexing, and frequency domain equalization.  It has similar structure and performance to OFDMA.

Frequency Domain Representation Of Downlink And Uplink LTE Access Technologies.

TX and RX structure of SC-OFDMA

Cont..
 SC-OFDMA is implemented in LTE using a Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM transmission (DFTSOFDM) which is commonly referred to as a frequencydomain generalization of SC-FDMA.  The DFT is used to multiplex uplink transmissions in specific frequency allocation blocks within the overall system bandwidth according to eNodeB scheduler instructions.

SC-FDMA Process
 After modulation, apply FFT  Each symbol is on a subcarrier  Put the subcarriers on selected location and apply IFFT  Back to single carrier transmission  Now add CP  Receiver will do the reverse

Why Single Carrier FDMA ?

Sub Carrier mapping

 Two ways to map subcarriers; distributed and localized.  Distributed mapping scheme for (total # of subcarriers) = (data block size) x (bandwidth spreading factor) is called Interleaved FDMA (IFDMA).

Sub Carrier mapping

 Data block size (N) = 4, Number of users (Q) = 3, Number of subcarriers (M) = 12.

Sub Carrier mapping

Localized Vs. Distributed

 Less frequency diversity  Low rate user may block a high-rate (broadband) user from the channel, especially if channel dependent

 Larger frequency diversity  Low-rate and high-rate users coexist peacefully

scheduling is used

SC-FDMA implementation in 3GPP LTE

LTE Frame Structure  Two radio frame structures defined.  Frame structure type 1 (FS1): FDD.  Frame structure type 2 (FS2): TDD.  A radio frame has duration of 10 ms.  A resource block (RB) spans 12 subcarriers over a slot duration of 0.5 ms. One subcarrier has bandwidth of 15 kHz, thus 180 kHz per RB.

LTE Frame Structure Type  FDD frame structure

LTE Resource Grid

Length of CP

LTE Bandwidth/Resource Configuration

UL Overview
 UL physical channels  Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)  Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)  Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)  UL physical signals  Reference signal (RS)  Available modulation for data channel  QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM

UL Resource Block

UL Reference Signal
 Two types of UL RS  The first is Demodulation Reference Signals (DM-RS) which are used to enable coherent signal demodulation at the eNodeB.  The second is Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) which is used to allow channel dependent (i.e. frequency selective) uplink scheduling as the DM-RS cannot be used for this purposes since they are assigned over the assigned bandwidth to a UE.

UPLINK DEMODULATION AND SOUNDING CHANNEL REFERENCE SIGNALS (NORMAL CP MODE).

Uplink Physical Channels

 Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)  Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)  Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

Typical Number Of PUCCH Regions

Peak power characteristics of SC-FDMA signals

Channel Dependent Scheduling

 Another benefit for OFDMA  The Base Station talks to many users at different directions  Their fading channels are independent  Subcarriers with high attenuation for user 1 may have good gain for user 2

Uplink resource scheduling in SC-FDMA systems

 Channel-dependent scheduling  Assign subcarriers to a user in excellent channel condition.  Two subcarrier mapping schemes have advantages over each other.  Distributed: Frequency diversity.  Localized: Frequency selective gain with CDS.

CDS(Channel Dependent Scheduling)

Summary and Conclusions

 SC-FDMA is a promising technique for high data rate uplink communication in future cellular systems.  Among the possible subcarrier mapping approaches, localized FDMA (LFDMA) with channel-dependent scheduling (CDS) results in higher throughput than interleaved FDMA (IFDMA).

Thank You