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There is an old saying which says -----you can take a horse to the water but you cannot force it to drink; it will drink only if it's thirsty - so with people. They will do what they want to do or otherwise motivated to do. Whether it is to excel on the workshop floor or in the 'academy' they must be motivated or driven to it, either by themselves or through external stimulus.
Motivation can be defined as a condition that is initiated by a physiological or psychological deficiency or need of an individual, which causes the individual to behave in a certain manner in order to achieve a particular goal or incentive.
Motivation consists of three interacting and interdependent elements needs, drives and incentives.
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MOTIVATION
Motivation is a psychological processes that arouse and direct our behavior towards goals.
Goal directed behavior Need
Drive
Self actualization needs Esteem needs (Important projects, recognition, prestigious office location) Social needs
(Good coworkers, peers, superiors, customers Safety or Security Needs (Job security; benefits like life insurance; safety regulations) Physiological needs ( Basis pay, workspace, heat, water, company cafeteria)
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Level 1 needs refer to the physiological needs, those that are essential to survival, including food, water etc.Physiological needs are met through the workplace environments in which employees interact and in things such as breaks, meals and holidays .
Level 2 needs are the safety and security needs that include the need for protection against physical and psychological threats in the environment. Organizational benefit packages and job security would fall into this category.
Level 3 needs would be the social needs that include a sense of belonging, association, affiliation, and acceptance by others and includes the need for social interaction and for affection and support. Level 4 needs refer to the need for self-respect and esteem from others .The need for both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation . Humans have the need for intrinsic and extrinsic. The need for outside recognition and acknowledgement of who we are and what we do is very high . Level 5 is the need for self-actualization that refers to the opportunity to fulfil ones potential and to grow into unique individuals. There is more focus on providing opportunities for employees to address personal growth issues. As individuals spend much of their time in the workplace, it has become the responsibility of organisations to help individuals meet these higher level needs
The satisfiers were termed as motivators, while the dissatisfiers were termed hygiene factors. While hygiene factors were responsible for preventing dissatisfaction, motivators were essential to keep the employees satisfied Hygiene factors such as salary, working conditions and supervision company policy, poor interpersonal relations & job security Hertzberg's motivators are the factors that motivate employees to the highest level of performance. They are persons sense of achievement, Level of responsibility & personal development and growth, recognition for a job well done and feedback
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2. Relatedness needs (R) There needs emphasize the significance of social and interpersonal relationships. 3. Growth needs (G) There needs are related to a persons inner desire for personal growth and development.
(Contd.)
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Growth Impel a person to make creative or productive effects on himself and his environment Satisfied through using capabilities in engaging problems Relatedness Involve relationships with significant others Satisfied by mutually sharing thoughts and feelings; acceptance, c, under- standing, and influence. Existence Includes all of the various forms of material and psychological desires .
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The theory is based on three variables - valence, instrumentality and expectancy and is therefore commonly termed VIE theory. Individuals make choices based on their perceived expectancy that certain rewards will follow means that
they are only motivated to act in a specific way if they believe that a desired outcome will be attained . People are motivated by how much they want something and the likehood they perceive of getting it. therefore work hard if they expect this effort to lead to desirable rewards such as salary increase, promotion or recognition
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Three types of relationships are identified in Vrooms theory: i. Effort-performance relationship: This shows an individuals perception of the probability that a specific level of performance would result if he exerts a certain amount of effort. ii. Performance-reward relationship: It denotes the extent of an individuals belief that a particular level of performance would result in achieving the desired outcome. (Contd.)
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iii. Rewards-personal goals relationship: This refers to the degree to which an individuals personal goals or needs are satisfied by the rewards given by the organization and his perception of the attractiveness of these rewards.
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3. The employee should have a clear perception of his role in the organization and an accurate knowledge of the job requirements. This will enable him to focus his efforts on accomplishing the assigned tasks.
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Equity is represented schematically as: Persons outcomes Persons inputs = Others outcomes Others inputs
Inequity is represented as followed: Persons outcomes Persons inputs or Persons outcomes Persons inputs > Others outcomes Others inputs
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The various referent comparisons used by an employee are: i) Self-inside: The employee compares his experiences in the present position with the experiences of those holding a similar position in the same organization. ii) Self-outside: The employee compares his experiences in the present position with the experiences of those holding a similar position in another organization. (Contd.)
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iii) Other-inside : The employee compares his experience in the present position with the experience of another individual or group of individuals holding a different position but belonging to the same organization. iv) Other-outside: The employee compares his experiences in the present position with that of another individual or group of individuals holding a different position and belonging to a different organization. (Contd.)
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v) There are four variables that influence an employees choice of referent. These are the gender of the employee, length of tenure of the employee in the organization, level at which the employee is working in the organization, and level of education or professional qualifications of the employee.
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If an employee perceives an inequity, he will make certain choices. i) Change in inputs ii) Change in outcomes iii) Distort perceptions of self iv) Distort perception of others v) Choose a different referent vi) Leave thesituation.
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Attribution Theory
It identifies attributions made by people as the basis for their motivation.
(Contd.)
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Common assumptions of attribution theories: i) They attribute actions of individuals to internal or external causes. ii) Those theories propose that individuals follow a fairly logical approach in making attributions.
(Contd.)
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The theory states that since the causes and reasons for an individuals behavior cannot be directly observed, one has to depend to a great extent on the perception of the individual in order to understand his behavior.
Attribution theory also assumes that humans are rational and motivated beings.
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Those employees who believe that there is an external control for all outcomes feel that they are in no position to control them. In their opinion, external factors like luck, chance, etc. are responsible for influencing outcomes.
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Kelley suggested other dimensions such as consensus, consistency and distinctiveness having an impact on the type of attributions made by individuals. Consensus denotes the extent to which others behave in a similar manner in the same situation. Consistency refers to a pattern of behavior, which may be relatively stable or unstable. This shows whether a person behaves similarly in a similar situation or if a particular behavior is just an infrequent occurrence. (Contd.)
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Distinctiveness indicates whether a persons behavior is similar for all tasks or whether his behavior differs from one task to another. An individual having high consensus, consistency, as well as distinctiveness can be expected to make attributions to external or environmental factors. Individuals showing low consensus, high consistency and low distinctiveness, can be expected to attribute outcome or results to internal or personal causes.
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Job enlargement approach Horizontal expansion of jobs means increasing the numbers jobs performed by the worker, thereby making the job less specialized and monotonous.
Job relation The rotation of workers between various departments reduces the boredom of performing the same job activities.
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Job enrichment Vertical expansion results in an increase in the content of work and requires employee to have a high level of skill and knowledge. It also facilitates an increase in the level of autonomy by allowing workers to plan, direct, control and evaluate their own performance on the job.
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QWE is concerned with the overall climate at the workplace. This approach deals with the impact of work on the employees and on organizational effectiveness.
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Job characteristics approach to job design Identifies certain features of jobs that result in certain psychological states. The core dimensions or characteristics of a job that affect its nature are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback. Skill variety refers to the degree to which a worker is given the opportunity to use his knowledge and his wide range of skills and abilities, to perform his job. (Contd.)
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Task identity refers to the extent to which an employee is responsible for the completion of a distinct, identifiable module of the job assigned. Task significance refers to the importance attached to a specific job in the organization. Autonomy refers to the amount of freedom a worker has in performing his job. Feedback refers to any appraisal received by the employee about his performance on the job after its accomplishment.
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Realization of critical psychological states The psychological states discussed below, play an important role in shaping individuals job motivation and satisfaction. Meaningfulness Responsibility Awareness of results Personal of work outcomes
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Job enrichment
Job enrichment results in increasing the responsibility and accountability of the job rather then simply increasing the number of tasks to be performed. Provides employees with the opportunity to plan and execute their of job and evaluate their own performance.
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Vertical loading
Employees are not only given adequate opportunities to develop their skills, but are also empowered to plant, schedule and execute activities themselves. The employees are thus made completely accountable for their performance.
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Lockes theory assumes that human behavior is purpose and that goals direct and sustain their behavior in a particular manner. Two primary attributes of goals, content and intensity, drive behavior towards the accomplishment tasks. The content attribute of goals refers to the level of difficulty involved in attaining the goal. (Contd.)
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Intensity refers to the process by which a goal is set and accomplished. It relates to employee participation in goal setting and then commitment towards achieving the goal set by them.
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The common features of all MBO programs are goal specification, participative decision making, an explicit time period for the achievement of targets, and performance feedback.
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