THE COMPOSITION OF AIR

 

We can get air from the atmosphere. Air is needed for:

Respiration (breathing) Combustion (burning) Photosynthesis Rusting Decay / decomposition
Combustion Decomposition

Air is compound or mixture?

O 2 CO2 Rusting

Air is made up of mixture of gases

COMPONENTS IN AIR Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon dioxide Inert gas/ Noble gas / Rare gases
(Argon, Neon, Helium, Krypton, Xenon)

PERCENTAGE (%) 78 21 0.03 1 @ 0.9

Water vapour Dust Microorganism

(bacteria, virus, fungi)

varies

THE COMPOSITION OF AIR

RS

Exercise
1. State 5 processes that needs air. a.________ b.________ c.________ d.________
2.

State 7 components of the air a.________ b.________ c.________ d.________

State the percentage of the components of the air

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

Carbon dioxide Water vapour Oxygen Microorganism Nitrogen Rare gases Dust

____% ____% ____% ____% ____% ____% ____%

Air is a mixture or compound?

 1.

2.

3.

Air is a mixture because: The composition of gas varies Example: -In the forest, more oxygen -In the city, more carbon dioxide It can be separated Example: -combustion used up oxygen -photosynthesis used up carbon dioxide When air is prepared, does not release or absorb heat

Activity 5.1:The composition of air

1.

Problem statement
What is the percentage of oxygen in air?

2.

Hypothesis
1/5 of the percentage of air is oxygen.

3. Aim:
To determine the percentage of oxygen in air

4. Apparatus and materials:

Glass through, gas jar, gas jar stand, ruler, candle, marker pen, matches, water, rubber band.

Gas jar

Rubber band

Glass through Water

Candle Gas jar stand

6. Observation
Gas jar Rubber band Glass through Water Candle Gas jar stand

Water

has risen to 1/5 of the height of the gas jar

The properties of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Properties 1 Appearance (colour, taste, smell) 2 Solubility in water 3 Solubility in sodium hydroxide Effect on: 4 glowing wooden splinters 5 Burning wooden splinters 7 Litmus paper 6 Lime water 8 Hydrogen carbonate indicator Lights up (support combustion) Lights up with brighter flame (support combustion) No change (neutral) No change No change (red) Extinguishes (does not support combustion) Extinguishes (does not support combustion) Blue to red (acidic) Becomes cloudy Red to yellow (acidic) Oxygen Colourless,tasteless odourless Dissolve slightly Does not dissolve Carbon dioxide Colourless, slightly sour, odourless Dissolve slightly Very soluble

Test for the presence of gas

1. 2.

Glowing wooden splinter (lights up) Oxygen b

3.

4.

5.

Oxygen- ignites a glowing wooden splinter Carbon dioxide- turns limewater cloudy Nitrogen and inert gas- no definite test (inactive gas) Hydrogen- produce a pop sound with burning wooden splint Water- cobalt chloride paper turns from blue to e pink Water

Carbon dioxide Lime water (turns cloudy) Hydrogen d Burning wooden splinter

(produces a pop sound)

Cobalt chloride paper (changes from blue to pink)

Exercise
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

The gas that ignites the glowing wooden splinter. ____________ The gas that turns the lime water cloudy. _____________ The gas that is very soluble in sodium hydroxide solution.____________ A neutral gas. ______________ Carbon dioxide Oxygen The gas which does not support Water combustion._____________ An acidic gas.____________ ____________ support combustion. ____________ has a slightly sour taste. Anhydrous cobalt chloride paper is used to test for the presence of __________________

Exercise
1.

State the suitable test for the substances below. Substances a Oxygen b Carbon dioxide c Water Use Observation

Uses of gases in the air

1. Oxygen


  

Stored in cylinders for deep sea divers, mountain climbers, astronauts, fire fighter Use by the respiratory problem patient in the hospital Oxygen + nitrous oxide as anaesthetic during surgery Fuel in rockets Oxy-hydrogen for soldering metals Oxy-acetylene for cutting metals

Uses of gases in the air

2.

Carbon dioxide  Used in fizzy drinks as preservatives  Making dough for bread and cake rises  Making health salt (ENO)  Used in fire extinguisher  Dry ice  Used to preserve fruit  CO2 is sprayed into cloud to condense water to get rain

Uses of gases in the air

3.

Nitrogen
 

Making ammonia and nitric acid Used to fill electric bulb

Uses of gases in the air

4.

Rare gases
   

Neon- fluorescent lamp (orange light) Argon- filament bulb Krypton- fluorescent lamp (green light) Xenon- camera lamp, anaethestic during surgery Helium- weather balloons

Respiration is a process where

oxygen is used up, Carbon dioxide, water vapour and energy is given out

There are 2 types of respiration

Breathing process - (external respiration) Oxidation (burning) of food (internal respiration)

During respiration,
____________ is used up and ________, ________and ___________ is produced.

Breathing process


During breathing we:inhale (breathe in) and exhale (breathe out)

The air that we

breathe in are called inhaled air breathe out are called exhaled air

Inhaled air contains more oxygen compared to exhaled air  Inhaled air contains less carbon dioxide compared to exhaled air


 

Respiration is the process of oxidising (burning) digested food in the body cells to produce carbon dioxide, energy and water. internal respiration This process is also known as ____________ external respiration Breathing process is known as ___________ (takes up O2 and gives out CO2) During respiration,

The exchange of gas takes place in the lungs

COMPARISON BETWEEN INHALED AIR AND EXHALED AIR

1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 0.03 % ____

carbon dioxide 21 % ____ oxygen Varies ____ water vapour 28C ____ temperature (room temperature)
Percentage of inert gas and nitrogen remains the same

4% ___ carbon dioxide 16 % 2. ___ oxygen Saturated 3. ___ water vapour 4. ___ temperature 37C (body temperature)

1.

5.

Percentage of inert gas and nitrogen remains the same

No changes

Changes from red to yellow

Changes from red to yellow

Oxygen is needed for combustion

 1. 2. 3.

Combustion can only occur when Fuel is presence Oxygen is presence Heat is presence

Products of combustion CARBON AND HYDROCARBON



CARBON
Carbon dioxide 2. Heat energy 3. Light energy 4. White ashes
1.

HYDROCARBON
Carbon dioxide 2. Heat energy 3. Light energy 4. Water vapour
1.

Examples of carbons are charcoal, coal, and carbon

Examples of hydrocarbons are kerosene, petrol, diesel and wax.

Charcoal

Carbon

Coal

Petrol/Diesel

Wax

AIR POLLUTION
SOURCE a b c d e f g h i j
Burning, cigarette Quarries, factories Burning rubbish, fuel
Burning coal, petroleum

POLLUTANT
Smoke, soot, smog Dust Carbon dioxide Sulphur dioxide

EFFECT
Respiratory, cancer Damage lungs Green house effect Acid rain Headache, death Acid rain Brain damage Destroys ozone layer Cancer Damage liver

Burning hydrocarbon Carbon monoxide Smoke from factories Nitrogen oxide Vehicle exhaust
Aerosol, air conditioner

Lead Chlorofluorocarbon Nicotine ,tobacco tar Chemicals

Cigarette smoke Agriculture, kill mosquitoes

Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Smoke, CFC, Lead compound Dust

Smog, smoke, soot, Dust, carbon dioxide

Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, Smog, smoke, soot