Physics 123C Waves

Lecture 10 (T&M: 15.4) Waves & Barriers

April 23, 2008 (27 Slides) John G. Cramer Professor of Physics B451 PAB cramer@phys.washington.edu

Lecture 10 Announcements
 Exam 1 should be returned on Friday. Scores on the MC part of the exam (55 points maximum) are posted on Tycho, and the other two parts will be posted as they become available (tomorrow?)  Lecture Homework #3 has been posted on the Tycho system. It is due at 11:59 PM on Thursday, May 1.  So far 131/168 students have registered their clickers. A clicker response that shows up as a number may indicate a registration problem.

Lecture Schedule (Part 1)

We are here!
Week Date 31-Mar-08 L# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 E1 9 10 11 Lecture Topic Forces in Magnetic Fields (122 review) Sources of Magnetic Fields (122 review) Magnetic Flux, Faraday & Lenz's Laws Motional EMF & Eddy Currents Inductance, Energy, and RL Circuits AC Circuits & Resonance Maxwell's Equations Traveling Waves, 3D Waves EXAM 1 - Chapters 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 Superposition, Beats & Standing Waves Waves and Barriers Beats & the Doppler Effect Ch. 16.1-3 Ch. 15.4 Ch. 15.5 16 5 7 HW#3 Wave Prop of Light Reading Ch. 26.1-4 Ch. 27.1-4 Ch. 28.1-3 Ch. 28.4-5 Ch. 28.6-9 Ch. 29.1-6 Ch. 30.1-4 Ch. 15.1-3 Pgs. 21 26 10 5 12 24 20 18 HW#2 2-source Interference Inductance & LR Circuits (28.6,8) Standing Waves & Resonance (16.1,2) HW#1 Superposition & Reflection EM Induction (28.1-4) Lenz' Law No labs 1st week Hwk Tutorial Lab

2-Apr-08 4-Apr-08 7-Apr-08

9-Apr-08 11-Apr-08 14-Apr-08

16-Apr-08 18-Apr-08 21-Apr-08

23-Apr-08 25-Apr-08

April 23, 2008

Physics 123C - Lecture 10

Sound Wave Intensity

(E av ! 1 V[ 2 s02 (V 2 (E av 1 2
Lav ! (V
2 ! 2 V[ s0

(E av ! Lav (V ! Lav Av(t

Pav !

(E av
(t

! (E av ! Lav (VAv

F ! (10 dB) log10 I / I 0 I 0 ! 1012 W/m 2 ! Thresho ld of hearing 0 dB F 120 dB

4

2 Pav 1 1 p0 2 2 I! ! Lav v ! V[ s0 (V ! A 2 2 Vv

April 23, 2008

Physics 123C - Lecture 10

Sound Intensities

April 23, 2008

Physics 123C - Lecture 10

Hearing Response of the Ear

April 23, 2008

Physics 123C - Lecture 10

Waves in an Open-Open Pipe

n

April 23, 2008

Physics 123C - Lecture 10

Waves in an Open-Closed Pipe

April 23, 2008

Physics 123C - Lecture 10

Pipes and Modes

Open-Open or Closed-Closed

Open-Closed

2L Pm ! ! P1 / m m m ! 1, 2,3, 4, v fm ! m ! mf1 2L

April 23, 2008

Pm !

4L ! P1 / m m m ! 1,3,5, 7, v fm ! m ! mf1 4L

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Physics 123C - Lecture 10

Example: The Length of an Organ Pipe

An organ pipe open at both ends sounds its 2nd harmonic at a frequency of 523 Hz (one octave above middle C). What is the length of the pipe from sounding hole to end?

v v f2 ! 2 ! 2L L

v (343 m/s) L! ! ! 0.656 m ! 65.6 cm f 2 (523 Hz)

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Physics 123C - Lecture 10

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Clicker Question 1
An open-open tube of air supports standing waves of frequencies of 300 Hz and 400 Hz, with no frequencies between these two. The second harmonic (m=2) of this tube has frequency:

(a) 100 Hz; (b) 200 Hz;

(c) 400 Hz;

(d) 600 Hz;

(e) 800 Hz.

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Physics 123C - Lecture 10

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Woodwinds vs. Strings

Many woodwind instruments are effectively an open-closed pipe. This means they have only odd harmonics. Their fundamental frequency will be: The vibrating string of a stringed instrument is the equivalent of a closed-closed pipe. This means it will have both odd and even harmonics. vstring Its fundamental frequency is:

vsound f1 ! 4L

1 Ts f1 ! ! 2L 2L Q

Note that for wind instruments, L is the only adjustable parameter, while for stringed instruments, L, Ts and Q can, in principle, be varied. However, wind instruments can be played at relatively pure harmonic frequencies, while strings cannot.
April 23, 2008 Physics 123C - Lecture 10 12

Example: The Notes of a Clarinet

A clarinet (an open-closed instrument) is 66 cm long. The speed of sound in warm air is 350 m/s. What are the frequencies of the lowest note on a clarinet and of the next highest harmonic?

v (350 m/s) f1 ! ! ! 133 Hz 4 L 4(0.66 m)

April 23, 2008

f 3 ! 3 f1 ! 399 Hz
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Physics 123C - Lecture 10

Reflection from a Boundary

When a traveling wave encounters a terminating discontinuity in the medium (QR=g), there is a complete negative reflection at the discontinuity. All of the wave energy is reflected as the negative of the incoming wave. While the wave is inverted in displacement direction, its amplitude is unchanged. At the boundary point the wave and its reflection always subtract to produce zero deflection. The situation can be simulated as an un-terminated string with positive and negative amplitude waves moving in opposite directions and meeting at the boundary.
April 23, 2008

Note that the reflected wave has the same speed and wavelength (and energy) as the incident wave.
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Physics 123C - Lecture 10

Creating Standing Waves

Plucking a Standing Wave Considering the reflections at boundaries, it is easy to see how string vibration occur. When a string is plucked in the middle, waves travel in both directions to the boundaries, where they are reflected and propagate back and forth along the string. The net result is a superposition of right and left moving traveling waves that produce a standing wave. The waves so produced must have nodes at both boundaries.
April 23, 2008 Physics 123C - Lecture 10 15

Standing Wave Normal Modes

Standing waves have the form: D(x,t) = (2a sin kx)cos [t The two string boundary conditions are: D(x=0, t) = 0 and D(x=L, t) = 0. Therefore, 2a sin kL = 0 , which implies that kL = mT, where m is an integer. But k = 2TP, so:

Pm !

2L , m ! 1, 2, 3, 4,  m

The frequency f is related to the wavelength P by: f = vP, so the allowed waves on a string of length L will have frequencies:

v v , m ! 1, 2, 3, 4,  fm ! !m 2L / m 2L
April 23, 2008 Physics 123C - Lecture 10 16

About Normal Modes

1. The integer m is the number of antinodes of the standing wave. The number of nodes of the wave is m + 1. 2. The fundamental mode, with m = 1, has wavelength P = 2L (not L). Half a wavelength fits on the string, because the spacing between nodes is P. 3. The frequencies of the normal modes of a string form an arithmetic series: f, 2f, 3f, 4f, Therefore, the fundamental frequency f1 can be found as the difference between the frequencies of any two adjacent modes, i.e., (f = fm+1  fm = f1.

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Physics 123C - Lecture 10

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Clicker Question 1

A standing wave on a string vibrates as shown. If the tension is quadrupled while the frequency and distance between boundaries remain the same, which diagram represents the new vibration?

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Physics 123C - Lecture 10

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Waves, Power, and Energy

y ! A sin kx  [t xy ! [ A cos kx  [t xt xy ! kA cos kx  [t xx xy xy P ! FTy v y }  FT tan U v y !  FT xx xt !  FT kA cos kx  [t [ A cos kx  [t

(E av ! Pav (t
! 1 Q v[ 2 A2 (t 2 ! 1 Q[ 2 A2 (x 2

! FT k[ A2 cos 2 kx  [t ! Q v[ 2 A2 cos 2 kx  [t

Pav ! 1 Q v[ 2 A2 2
April 23, 2008 Physics 123C - Lecture 10 19

Reflection and Transmission

Slow to Fast Transition When a traveling wave encounters a speed-up discontinuity in the medium (QL>QR), there is a positive reflection at the discontinuity. Part of the wave energy is reflected and part is transmitted. SlowpFast positive reflection
April 23, 2008

Fast to Slow Transition When a traveling wave encounters a slow-down discontinuity in the medium (QL<QR), there is a negative reflection at the discontinuity. Again, part of the wave energy is reflected and part is transmitted. Fast pSlow negative reflection
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Physics 123C - Lecture 10

Transmission Coefficients
r | hr / hin v2  v1 r! v2  v1 and X | ht / hin 2v2 and X ! v2  v1
X !1

Note that if v2 ! 0, r ! 1 and X ! 0 and if v1 ! v2 , r ! 0 and

v2 2 1! r  X v1
2
April 23, 2008 Physics 123C - Lecture 10 21

Example: Two Soldered Wires

Two wires with different linear mass densities are soldered end-to-end and then stretched to a tension FT. The wave speed v1 on the first wire is twice the wave speed v2 on the second wire (a) If the incident wave amplitude is A, what are the amplitudes Ar and At of the reflected and transmitted waves? (b) What is linear mass density ratio QQ of the wires? (c) What fraction of the incident average power is reflected at the junction, and what fraction is transmitted?

v  v v  2v2 1 1 !  so Ar !  A r! 2 1! 2 v2  v1 v2  2v2 3 3 X! 2v2 2v2 2 2 ! ! so At ! A v2  v1 v2  2v2 3 3

2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2

Pr av Pin av Pt av Pin av

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

Q1[ 2 Ar2v1 Q1[ 2 A2v1

2 2

1 2

Q1[ 2 (  1 A) 2 v1 3
1 2

Q1[ 2 A2v1

1 9

Q2[ 2 At2v2 Q1[ A v1

1 2

2 Q 2[ 2 ( 3 A) 2 v2 1 2

Q1[ 2 A2v1

2v1 ! 4 Q1 FT / v v ! ! ! Q2 FT / v v v12
April 23, 2008

4 Q 2v2 4 v12 v2 4 v1 8 ! ! ! ! 2 9 Q1v1 9 v2 v1 9 v2 9

Physics 123C - Lecture 10 22

Transparent Optical Media

Rather surprisingly, there are types of matter, solids, liquids, and gasses, that are transparent and that transmit light almost unimpeded. When you consider that such matter is made of atoms, electrically charged nuclei orbited by clouds of electrically charged electrons, it is quite remarkable that electromagnetic radiation, the carrier of electric fields that interact strongly with these charged particles, is not immediately absorbed. Instead, within the transparent medium the bound electrons vibrate together at the frequency of the incoming electric field to help along the incident light without absorbing its energy. This usually reduces its speed through the material as it is transmitted.
April 23, 2008 Physics 123C - Lecture 10 23

The Index of Refraction

Light travels through transparent media at a speed less than its speed c in vacuum. We define the index of refraction in a transparent medium as:

c n| vmedium
Is n always greater than 1? Almost always. There are a few media in which the phase velocity of light waves is greater than c. However, this super-luminal speed cannot be used to send signals or energy at a speed greater than c.
April 23, 2008 Physics 123C - Lecture 10 24

Waves vs. Particles

If two pitching machines simultaneously throw baseballs, they will collide and bounce. Two particles cannot occupy the same space point at the same time.
April 23, 2008

On the other hand, if two loudspeakers make sound waves at the same time, they will pass through each other without collision. Two waves can occupy the same space point at the same time.
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Physics 123C - Lecture 10

Diffraction

Particles

Waves

P/d

P / d }1

April 23, 2008

Physics 123C - Lecture 10

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End of Lecture 10
 Before the next lecture, read T&M, Chapter 15.5.  Exam 1 should be returned on Friday. Scores on the MC part of the exam (55 points maximum) are posted on Tycho, and the other two parts will be posted as they become available (tomorrow).  Lecture Homework #3 has been posted on the Tycho system. It is due at 11:59 PM on Thursday, May 1.  So far 131/168 students have registered their clickers. A clicker response that shows up as a number may indicate a registration problem.