Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts

Valence electrons are the outer shell electrons of an atom. The valence electrons are the electrons that particpate in chemical bonding.
Group 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A e- configuration ns1 ns2 ns2np1 ns2np2 ns2np3 ns2np4 ns2np5 # of valence e1 2 3 4 5 6 7

9.1

In the period 1916-1919, two Americans, G.N. Lewis and Irving Langmuir, and a German, Walther Kossel, advanced an important proposal about chemical bonding: Something unique in the electron configurations of noble gas atoms accounts for their inertness, and atoms of other elements combine with one another to acquire electron configurations like noble gas atoms. Some fundamental ideas of Lewis theory Electrons, especially those of the outermost (valence) electronic shell, play a fundamental role in chemical bonding. In some cased electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Positive and negative ions are formed and attract each other through electrostatic forces called ionic bonds. In other cases one or more pairs of electrons are shared between atoms, this sharing of electrons is called covalent bond. Electrons are transferred, or shared, in such a way that each atom acquires an especially stable electron configuration. Usually this is a noble gas configuration, one with eight outer shell electrons, or an octet.

Lewis symbol consists of a chemical symbol to represent the nucleus and core (inner shell) electrons of an atom, together with dots placed around the symbol to represent the valence (outer shell) electrons. Write the Lewis symbol of the following elements 1. Si 2. N 3. P 4. As 5. Sb 6. Bi 7. Al 8. Al 9. Al 10. I 11. Se 12. Ar Write the Lewis symbol of the following 1. Sn 2. Br 3. Na+ 4. S2-

Lewis structure is a combination of Lewis symbols that represents either the transfer or sharing of electrons in a chemical bond.

Write Lewis structures for the following compounds (a) BaO (b) MgCl2 (c) Al2O3 (d) Na2S (e) Mg3N2 (f) calcium iodide (g)barium sulfide (h) lithium oxide

9.1

The Ionic Bond

Li + 1s22s1 F Li+ F

1s22s22p5

[He] [Ne] 2p6 1s2 22s2 1s

Li e + Li+ +

Li+ + e F

F F

Li+

9.2

A covalent bond is a chemical bond in which two or more electrons are shared by two atoms.

Why should two atoms share electrons?

F 7e-

F 7eLewis structure of F2

F 8e-

F 8e-

single covalent bond

lone pairs

lone pairs

single covalent bond lone pairs

F F

lone pairs 9.4

Lewis structure of water H + O + H H O H 2e- 8e- 2eor

single covalent bonds

H O H

Double bond two atoms share two pairs of electrons

or

8e- 8e- 8edouble bonds Triple bond two atoms share three pairs of electrons N
-

double bonds

N
-

or

8e 8e triple bond

triple bond 9.4

Lengths of Covalent Bonds

Bond Type Bond Length (pm)

C-C C!C C|C C-N C!N C|N

Bond Lengths Triple bond < Double Bond < Single Bond

154 133 120 143 138 116

9.4

9.4

Polar covalent bond or polar bond is a covalent bond with greater electron density around one of the two atoms

electron poor region

H

electron rich region

F

e- poor
H H+

e- rich
F H-

9.5

Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract toward itself the electrons in a chemical bond. Electron Affinity - measurable, Cl is highest
X (g) + eX-(g)

Electronegativity - relative, F is highest

9.5

9.5

9.5

Classification of bonds by difference in electronegativity Difference 0 u2 0 < and <2 Bond Type Covalent Ionic Polar Covalent

Increasing difference in electronegativity

Covalent share e-

Polar Covalent partial transfer of e-

Ionic transfer e-

9.5