Stress Transformation

9.1-9.3 Plane Stress Stress Transformation in Plane Stress Principal Stresses & Maximum Shear Stress

Introduction


We have learned
  

Axially In Torsion In bending

These stresses act on cross sections of the members.  Larger stresses can occur on inclined sections.


Introduction
We will look at stress elements to analyze the state of stress produce by a single type of load or by a combination of loads.  From the stress element, we will derive the Transformation Equations



Give the stresses acting on the sides of an element oriented in a different direction.

Introduction


Stress elements: only one intrinsic state of stress exists at a point in a stressed body, regardless of the orientation of the element for that state of stress. Two elements with different orientations at the same point in a body, the stress acting on the faces of the two elements are different, but represent the same state of stress


The stress at the point under consideration.

Introduction


Remember, stresses are not vectors.



 

Are represented like a vector with magnitude and direction Do not combine with vector algebra Stresses are much more complex quantities than vectors Are called Tensors (like strain and I)

Plane Stress


 

Plane Stress The state of stress when we analyzed bars in tension and compression, shafts in torsion, and beams in bending. Consider a 3 dimensional stress element Material is in plane stress in the xy plane


Only the x and y faces of the element are subjected to stresses All stresses act parallel to the x and y axis

Plane Stress


Normal stress


Wx

subscript identifies the face on which the stress acts Tension positive compression negative

Sign Convention
 

Plane Stress


Shear Stress - X xy


Two subscripts
First denotes the face on which the stress acts  Second gives the direction on that face


Sign convention


Positive when acts on a positive face of an element in the positive direction of an axis (++) or (--) Negative when acts on a positive face of an element in the negative direction of an axis (+-) or (-+)

Plane Stress


A 2-dimensional view can depict the relevant stress information, fig. 9.1c Special cases
  

Uniaxial Stress Pure shear Biaxial stress

Stresses on Inclined Planes

 

First we know Wx, Wy, and Xxy, Consider a new stress element


Located at the same point in the material as the original element, but is rotated about the z axis x and y axis rotated through an angle U

Stresses on Inclined Planes



The normal and shear stresses acting on they new element are:

W x ' , W y ' ,X x ' y '

Using the same subscript designations and sign conventions described.  Remembering equilibrium, we know that: X !X


x' y'

y ' x'

Stresses on Inclined Planes



The stresses in the x y plane can be expressed in terms of the stresses on the xy element by using equilibrium. Consider a wedge shaped element


Inclined face same as the x face of inclined element.

Stresses on Inclined Planes



Construct a FBD showing all the forces acting on the faces



The sectioned face is (A.

Then the normal and shear forces can be represented on the FBD. Summing forces in the x and y directions and remembering trig identities, we get: W xd! W x  W y  W x  W y cos 2U  X xy sin 2U
X x dd!  y 2 W x W y 2 2 sin 2U  X xy cos 2U

Stresses on Inclined Planes



These are called the transformation equations for plane stress.



They transfer the stress component form one set of axes to another. The state of stress remains the same.

Based only on equilibrium, do not depend on material properties or geometry



There are Strain Transformation equations that are based solely on the geometry of deformation.

Stresses on Inclined Planes



Special case simplifications

  

Uniaxial stress- Wy & Txy = 0 Pure Shear - Wx & Wy = 0 Biaxial stress - Txy = 0 Transformation equations are simplified accordingly.

Principal & Maximum Shear Stresses

Since a structural member can fail due to excessive normal or shear stress, we need to know what the maximum normal and stresses are at a point.  We will determine the maximum and minimum stress planes for which maximum and minimum normal and shear stresses act.


Principal & Maximum Shear Stresses



Principal stresses normal stresses.



maximum and minimum

Occurs on planes where:

Applying to eq 9.1 we get:

tan 2U p !

dW x ' !0 dU

2X xy
x

W y

Up=the orientation of the principal planes



The planes on which the principal stresses act.

Principal & Maximum Shear Stresses



Two values of the angle 2Up are obtained from the equation.
   

One value 0-180, other 180-360 Therefore Up has two values 0-90 & 90-180 Values are called Principal Angles. For one angle Wx is maximum, the other Wx is minimum.

Therefore: Principal stresses occur on mutually perpendicular planes.

Principal & Maximum Shear Stresses

We could find the principal stress by substituting this angle into the transformation equation and solving  Or we could derive general formulas for the principal stresses.


Principal Stresses
 

Consider the right triangle Using the trig from the triangle and substituting into the transformation equation for normal stress, we get
W x W y 2 W x W y s 2  X xy 2
2

W 1, 2 !

Formula for principal stresses.

Shear Stresses on the Principal Planes

If we set the shear stress Xx y equal to zero in the transformation equation and solve for 2U, we get equation 9-4.  The angles to the planes of zero shear stress are the same as the angles to the principal planes Therefore:The shear stresses are zero on the principal planes


The Third Principal Stress



We looked only at the xy plane rotating about the z-axis. Equations derived are in-plane principal stresses BUT, stress element is 3D and has 3 principal stresses. By Eigenvalue analysis it can be shown that Wz=0 when oriented on the principal plane.

Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress

Consider the maximum shear stress and the plane on which they act.  The shear stresses are given by the transformation equations.  Taking the derivative of Xx y with respect to U and setting it equal to zero we can derive equation 9-7

X

Maximum Shear Stress

The maximum negative shear stress Xmin has the same magnitude but opposite sign.  The planes of maximum shear stress occur at 45 to the principal planes


Maximum Shear Stress



If we use equation 9-5, subtract W2 from W1, and compare with equation 97, we see that:
X max W1 W 2 ! 2

Maximum shear stress is equal to the difference of the principal shear stress.

Average Normal Stress

The planes of maximum shear stress also contain normal stresses.  Normal stresses acting on the planes of maximum positive shear stress can be determined by substituting the expressions for the angle Us into the equations for Wx .  Result is Equation 9-8.


Important Points
 

The principal stresses are the max and min normal stress at a point When the state of stress is represented by the principal stresses, no shear stress acts on the element The state of stress at the point can also be represented in terms of max in-plane shear stress. In this case an average normal stress also acts on the element The element in max in-plane shear stress is oriented 45 from the element in principal stresses.