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Ø
will be able to fit into the
hole.
1. Why GD&T
The shaft is made the same
size tolerances is slightly bow 44.98
shaped, the shaft may not fit 45.00 45.30 φ 45.01
Ø
into the hole, due to
Ø
straightness error.
Ø
normal dimensional
tolerances. φ 0.01 M
Geometrical Errors
a)Perfect Form
Straightness
Flatness For
Form individual
Circularity features
Cylindricity
No need
For datum
Profile of a line
Profile individual
Profile of a surface or related
features
Angularity
Perpendicularit Orientation
y
For
Parallelism related
features
Position including
concentricity and symmetry Location
Need
Circular runout datum
Runout
Total runout
4. Feature control frame
What geometry
to control ?
0.075 M A B C
Single feature
(without datum) 0.1
Related feature
(with datum) 0.1 A
Other information
concerning the 8 HOLES Ø10 8 x Ø10
toleranced feature is
placed above the Ø 0.2 or Ø 0.2
frame
To specify more than
one toleranced
characterisitic for a:- Feature
0.03
0.05 A
Datum 0.2
A
0.1
Toleranced 0.3 A
Characteristics
0.1 B
Toleranced A
value Ø 0.3
B
5. Methods of Applying the Toleranced
Frame
Diagram Description
On the feature
or
Extension line
Dimension line (for axis of circular
features)
Diagram Description
on the axis or median plane when the
tolerance refers to the common axis or
median plane of all features.
6. Methods of Specifying Datum
Features
• All datum to be indicated by an equilateral triangular
symbol.
• All datum to be identified by capital letters enclosed in a
square box, connected to a datum symbol.
• A different letter should be used for each datum
identification.
• Letters E, I, O, M, P and Q should not be used for the
identification of datum.
• Tolerance frame can be directly connected with the datum
feature by a leader line. The datum letter may be omitted.
Indication of Datum and Datum Systems Within A Tolerance Frame
Diagram Description
Datum established by a
single feature.
A Datum is indicated by a
capital letter in the third
compartment.
Diagram Description
Third (Tertiary)
Second (Secondary) Three datumns in the
First (Primary) sequence of importance.
A BC
Methods of Specifying Datum Features
Diagram Description
A
0.2 A
On the feature.
Diagram Description
A Common axis or median plane
(two or more features.)
A
3 points
Primary Plane
Ø15 H7 2 points
Ø 0.1 A B
B Secondary Plane B
The theoretical exact dimensions are enclosed in a
rectangular box; e.g. 50 , EQUI-SPACED .
8 x Ø15 H7
Ø 0.1 A B
B
30
15
20 35 35 35
A
Combined Tolerances
In addition to limits of size, geometrical tolerances are
given for a closer control of the shape.
Geometrical tolerances are always finer and within the
size limits.
0.02
Ø 0.02
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Examples of Indication and Interpretation of Geometrical Tolerances
0.3 0.2
datum A
Examples of Indication and Interpretation of Geometrical Tolerances
datum A
Ø0.05
50
50 75
Continuation..
. Examples of Indication and Interpretation of Geometrical Tolerances
Position (concentricity) The axis of the middle section of the shaft is to lie
within a cylinder ø0.05mm, that is co-axial with the
common datum axis of the ends C and D.
ø0.05
Sphere Ø0.04
Examples of Indication and Interpretation of Geometrical Tolerances
datum D
0.3
datum A
(hole axis)
Continuation..
. Examples of Indication and Interpretation of Geometrical Tolerances
Total Runout The axis of the middle section of the shaft is to lie
within a cylinder ø0.05mm, that is co-axial with the
common datum axis of the ends C and D.
ø0.05
Many geometrical
features are measured
using Coordinate
measuring machine
(CMM)
Any Questions
You have just learnt:
2. Why GD&T
3. When to apply GD&T
4. Symbols for GD&T
5. Feature control frame
6. How to apply feature control frame
7. How to apply datum feature
8. Interpretation of GD&T symbols