Nokia EGPRS3 Details

EGPRS Radio interface
Packet data logical channels Data transfer principles RLC Radio block structure Multislot MS MCS selection Multiplexing GPRS/EGPRS Link adaptation
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EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001
Company Confidential
Packet data logical channels 1/3
PBCH
Packet Broadcast Channels
PCCCH PDCCH
Packet Dedicated Control Chann
Packet Common Control Channe
PTCH
Packet Traffic Channels
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Packet data logical channels 2/6

Common Channels BCCH/CCCH PBCCH/PCCCH
PBCCH
PPCH
PDTCH
PAGCH
PRACH
PBCCH available in BSS S10 GPRS and EGPRS will not impact on AGCH and PCH Increased data rates will lead to heavier signalling demand for given traffic occupancy and applications Note - PBCCH traffic is not carried on TRXSIG Note - PBCCH must be on the same TRX as the BCCH GMSK is used on packet control channels. 8-PSK modulation is used only on the packet traffic data channel PDTCH. Company Confidential
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Packet Broadcast control channel
PBCCH broadcast packet data specific System Information.

If PBCCH is not allocated, the packet data specific system information is broadcast on BCCH.
A broadcast control channel is a point-to-multipoint unidirectional control channel, from the fixed sub-system to the Mobile Stations. Broadcast control channels are physically sub-divided into Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH), Packet Broadcast Control Channel (PBCCH) and Compact Packet Broadcast Control Channel (CPBCCH).
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Packet data Common Control logical channels

PAGCH is used in the packet transfer establishment phase to send resource assignment to an MS prior to packet transfer. PNCH is used to send a PTM-M (Point To Multipoint Multicast) notification to a group of MSs prior to a PTM-M packet transfer. (NOT IMPLEMENTED in S10) PRACH is used by MS to initiate uplink transfer for sending data or signalling information. PPCH is used to page an MS prior to downlink packet transfer.
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Paging Coordination
PPCH is used to page an MS prior to downlink packet transfer.
PPCH CPPCH use paging groups in order to allow usage of DRX mode. PPCH can be used for paging of both circuit switched and packet data services. The paging for circuit switched services on PPCH is applicable for class A and B GPRS MSs in Network operation mode I, see 3GPP TS 23.060
Mode I II III
Circuit Paging Channel Packet Paging Channel CCCH Paging Channel Packet Data Channel CCCH Paging Channel CCCH Paging Channel CCCH Paging Channel
GPRS Paging Channel Packet Paging Channel CCCH Paging Channel Not Applicable CCCH Paging Channel Packet Paging Channel CCCH Paging Channel
Paging co-ordination Yes No No
Paging co-ordination = CS pages can be sent through SGSN and via PPCH
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Packet data dedicated channels

PACCH conveys signalling information related to a given MS.
e.g. acknowledgements, power control, resource assignment and reassignment messages.. The PACCH shares resources with PDTCHs, that are currently assigned to one MS. Additionally, an MS that is currently involved in packet transfer, can be paged for circuit switched services on PACCH.
PTCCH is used to transmit random access burst to allow estimation of the timing advance for MS's in packet transfer mode. PDTCH is a channel allocated for data transfer. It is temporarily
dedicated to one MS or to a group of MSs in the PTM-M case. In the multislot operation, one MS may use multiple PDTCHs in parallel for individual packet transfer.
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Mapping of PBCCH/PCCCH DL
A physical channel allocated to carry packet logical channels is called a packet switched channel (PDCH). A PDCH shall carry packet logical channels only. Packet switched logical channels are mapped dynamically onto a 52multiframe. T 52-multiframe consists of 12 blocks of 4 consecutive frames, 2 he idle frames and 2 frames used for the PT CCH, as shown in figure. PCU handles radio blocks 0 11. BT handles the rest of the radio blocks. S
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
B11
X = Idle frame T = Frame used for PTCCH B0 - B11 = Radio blocks
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Mapping of PBCCH/PCCCH DL (2/3)

y BS_PBCCH_BLKS, number of PBCCH blocks per multiframe. Depends on the number of PSIs and repeat period. y BS_PAG_BLKS_RES, number of blocks in addition to BS_PBCCH_BLKS, where paging shall not occur. y BS_PCC_CHANS number of physical channels carrying PCCCHs including the physical channel carrying the PBCCH. FIXED to 1
For example:
BS_PBCCH_BLKS = 3 BS_PAG_BLKS_RES = 4 (number of blocks allocated to PBCCH per multiframe) (number of blocks allocated to PAGCH per multiframe)
Empty blocks can be used for packet assignment, packet paging, packet data or associated signalling. PAGCH blocks can be used for packet assignment, packet data or associated signalling
PBCCH PAGCH PBCCH PAGCH PBCCH PAGCH PAGCH
BL 0
BL 1
BL 2
BL 3
BL 4
BL 5
BL 6
BL 7
BL 8
BL 9
BL 10 BL 11
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Data Transfer - Temporary Block Flow

A Temporary Block Flow (TBF): is a one-way session for packet data transfer between MS and BSC (PCU) uses either uplink or downlink but not both (except for associated signalling) can use one or more TSLs Compare with circuit-switched - normally one connection uses both the uplink and the downlink timeslot(s) for traffic. In two-way data transfer, uplink and downlink data are sent in separate TBFs - as below. (+ PACCH for downlink TBF) Uplink TBF
BSC Downlink TBF (+ PACCH for uplink TBF)

10 NOKIA EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001
Establishing a TBF and Sending DataUL

Channel request - RACH Immediate Assignment - AGCH Data - PDTCH Signalling + Ack/Nack - PACCH
BTS
Final Data - PDTCH Final Ack/Nack - PACCH Packet control Ack - PACCH
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Establishing a TBF and Sending Data DL

Paging - PCH UL TBF for MS location Immediate Assignment - AGCH Packet polling - PACCH) Packet control Ack - PACCH (for TA) Packet downlink assignment - PACCH Data - PDTCH/ Signalling -PACCH Ack/Nack - PACCH
BTS
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Radio Resource operating modes

Packet idle mode

No Temporary Block Flow exists MS listens to the PBCCH and to the paging sub-channel for the paging group the MS belongs to in idle mode. If PCCCH is not present in the cell, the mobile station listens to the BCCH and to the relevant paging subchannels MS is allocated radio resource providing a Temporary Block Flow on one or more physical channels When selecting a new cell, mobile station leaves the packet transfer mode, enters the packet idle mode where it switches to the new cell, read the system information and may then resume to packet transfer mode in the new cell MS has an ongoing RR connection and is allocated radio resource providing a Temporary Block Flow on one or more physical channels While in dual transfer mode the MS performs all the tasks of dedicated mode
Packet transfer mode

Dual transfer mode

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GPRS Mobility Management States

GPRS Attach / Detach
Idle
READY Timer Expiry
Ready
STANDBY Timer Expiry
Standby
Packet TX/RX
MS location not known. Subscriber is not reachable by the GPRS NW.
MS location known to RA level. MS is capable of being paged for data
MS location known to cell level. MS is transmitting or has just been transmitting.
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RR operating modes and MM States correspondence

Non-DTM capable MS:
RR BSS RR MS MM (NSS and MS) Measurement Packet No state transfer mode report reception Packet Packet idle mode transfer mode Ready No state Packet idle mode Standby
DTM capable MS:

RR BSS RR MS GMM (NSS and MS) Dual Dedicated transfer mode mode Packet transfer mode Measurement No state report reception CS idle and packet idle No state Dedicated CS idle and mode packet idle Standby
Ready
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(E)GPRS Transmission plane

EGPRS (Enhanced General Packet Radio Service) is an improved air interface for GPRS packet service. The peak throughput of EGPRS is 2.96 times the peak throughput of GPRS. The figure below shows the (E)GPRS protocol stack when carrying IP data. Radio performance depends mostly on the RLC/MAC and physical layer of the radio interface (Um). Scope of 3GPP TS23.060
Application IP / X.25
Relay
IP / X.25 SNDCP LLC

Relay
SNDCP LLC RLC MAC GSM RF Um RLC MAC BSSGP
GTP UDP / TCP IP L2 L1 Gn
GTP UDP / TCP IP L2 L1 Gi
BSSGP Network Service L1bis Gb
Network Service GSM RF L1bis
MS
BSS
Scope of TS 03.64 Company Confidential
SGSN
GGSN
Logical Link Control (LLC) Layer

Reliable logical connection between SGSN and MS
APP
Independent of underlying radio interface protocols

LLC Frame
TCP/UDP IP
SNDCP LLC RLC
Addres Control s
Information 1-1520
FCS
1-3
3 Octets
MAC
GSM RF
Radio Link Control (RLC)/ Medium Access Control (MAC) Layers

APP
RLC Reliable transmission of data across air interface Segmentation/de-segmentation of data from/to LLC layer MAC Control of MS access to common air-interface medium Flagging of PDTCH/PACCH occupancy
TCP/UDP IP
SNDCP LLC RLC
MAC
GSM RF
RLC/MAC
Implemented in the PCU (Packet Control Unit, part of BSC). TBF (Temporary Block Flow) is a one-directional data flow between two RLC/MAC entities (PCU and MS). TBF is established when new data arrives to RLC. TBF is released when all the data in RLC has been sent. Acknowledged RLC mode: ARQ, retransmissions and IR. RLC/MAC can guarantee error-free and in-order delivery of upper layer blocks.. Unacknowledged RLC mode: No ARQ, retransmissions or IR. Corrupted blocks are lost or delivered in error.
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RLC: Segmentation & ARQ

Segmentation makes RLC blocks from LLC frames. Size of RLC block matches the MCS. LLC frames can be small or large. Large LLC frames take many RLC blocks. RLC blocks can contain LLC frame boundaries (even multiple small LLC frames). 0 data to be transmitted 4 1 2 3 ?0 ? 0 transmitte r time 1 ?2 ? 3
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2 ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) 4 takes care of backward error correction, i.e. requesting and performing retransmissions of all 1 0 data correctly 3 2 received 4 incorrectly received blocks. Used in both GPRS and EGPRS when in acknowledged RLC mode. Multiple blocks are Company Confidential NOKIAacknowledged at the same time. EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001
receiver
RLC: Retransmissions
In GPRS, retransmissions are always in the same CS as the original transmission, which causes problems if too high a CS has been selected. To help this, EGPRS allows a retransmission to be performed in a lower MCS than original.
original transmission MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 or 7 MCS-6 or 9 MCS-8 normal retransmission MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 or 7 MCS-6 or 9 MCS-8 retrans with resegmentation
MCSs are divided in families: C: MCS-1, MCS-4 B: MCS-2, MCS-5, MCS-7 A: MCS-3, MCS-6, MCS-8, MCS-9
2 * MCS-1 2 * MCS-2 2 * MCS-3 MCS-6 (pad) 2 * MCS-3 (pad)
With normal (not resegmented) retransmissions the structure and content of the RLC block is identical to the original transmissions. Therefore IR combining is possible. In resegmentation, an RLC block is split in two halves. Padding means adding dummy bits to an MCS-8 block so it looks like an MCS-6 block. IR combining is not possible.
MAC: Scheduling
(E)GPRS timeslots can be shared by multiple MSs. The radio resource is allocated on a radio block (4 bursts, 20 ms) resolution by the network. In the downlink, all the MSs listen continuously. TFI (Temporary Flow Identifier) is used to address one MS. In the uplink, there are different resource allocation modes: fixed, dynamic and extended dynamic allocation. Fixed allocation A large number of (not necessarily continuous) radio block periods are allocated to a MS in advance using a control message. (Not used in Nokia implementation.) Dynamic allocation NW sends USFs (Uplink Status Flags) in each downlink block to signal which MS is allowed to transmit during the next uplink block period. The USF may be for a different MS than the actual data in the downlink radio block. Problems with power control and smart antennas. Extended dynamic allocation (multislot)
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Throughput
Main performance indicator of GPRS & EGPRS. Throughput is defined as the number of user data bits delivered per second (usually per time slot). The definition of user data bit excludes the following overhead from the gross rates: physical layer overhead due to channel coding, RLC/MAC layer overhead due to header information, overhead due to retransmissions.
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EGPRS Modulation and Coding Schemes

EGPRS has nine basic coding schemes, MCS-1...9. In general, a higher coding scheme has higher coding rate, and consequently higher peak throughput, but it also tolerates less noise or interference. The figure shows throughput vs. C/I of EGPRS coding schemes in TU50iFH, without incremental redundancy. The basic unit of transmission is radio block (= 4 bursts = 20 ms on average), which contains one or two RLC blocks.
60 50 MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9
40
30
20
10
0 0
10
15
20
25
30
Data treatment principle in RF layer
User data "Additional info" that does not require extra protection Header part, robust coding for secure transmission
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EGPRS Channel Coding

EGPRS channel coding consists of separate data and header coding, as shown in the figure for MCS-9 downlink.
USF header 1/3 tailbiting convolutional coding block coding puncturing protected header P 1 FBI+E data 2 1/3 convolutional coding mother code puncturing P 2 P 3 BCS tail
Coding of data part: encoded US F Data part includes user data, two bits from RLC header, BCS (block check sequence) and tail bits. Coded using 1/3 convolutional code. Punctured with a selectable puncturing scheme (P1, P2 or P3). Two separate data parts for MCS-7...9. Header part: Includes RLC/MAC header information and information on the coding of the data part (like used puncturing scheme). Convulutional coding + puncturing.
1st burst
2nd burst
3rd burst
4th burst
P 1
P 2 puncturing mother code 1/3 convolutional coding
P 3
FBI+E
data 1
BCS
tail
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GPRS & EGPRS Coding Schemes

coding modulation scheme CS-1 GMSK CS-2 CS-3 CS-4 MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 8-PSK MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9 RLC blks / radio blk 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 FEC user bits / code rate 20 ms 0.45 160 0.65 240 0.75 288 n/a 400 0.53 176 0.66 224 0.85 296 1.00 352 0.38 448 0.49 592 0.76 448+448 0.92 544+544 1.00 592+592 bit rate (bps) 8,000 12,000 14,400 20,000 8,800 11,200 14,800 17,600 22,400 29,600 44,800 54,400 59,200
GPRS
E GPRS
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EGPRS MCSs
The MCSs are divided into different families A,B and C. Each family has a different basic unit of payload: 37 (and 34), 28 and 22 octets respectively. Different code rates within a family are achieved by transmitting a different number of payload units within one Radio Block. For families A and B, 1 or 2 or 4 payload units are transmittes, for family C, only 1 or 2 payload units are transmitted When 4 payload units are transmitted (MCS 7, Family B MSC-8 and MCS-9), these are splitted into two separate RLC blocks (with separate sequence BSN numbers and BCS, Block Check Sequences) Family C The blocks are interleaved over two bursts only, for MCS-8 and MCS-9. For MCS-7 the blocks are interleaved over Company Confidential 28 NOKIA EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001 four bursts
Family A MCS-3
37 octets 37 octets 37 octets 37 octets
MCS-6 MCS-9 MCS-3

34+3 octets 34+3 octets
Family A padding
MCS-6
MCS-8 MCS-2
MCS-5 MCS-7 MCS-1

22 octets 22 octets
MCS-4
MCS-9 coding and puncturing

3 bits 45 bits 612 bits TB 612 bits FBI E Data = 592 bits BCS TB
Robust coding for header USF
RLC/MAC HCS FBI E Data = 592 bits BCS Hdr.
1 1
36 bits 135 bits puncturing SB = 8 36 bits 124 bits 612 bits P1 1836 bits puncturing
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6
Rate 1/3 convolutional coding 1836 bits puncturing
Rate 1/3 convolutional coding
Adding redundancy Decreasing redundancy
612 bits P2
612 bits P3
612 bits P1
612 bits P2
612 bits
Normal burst: 2x58x3 bits BP: 15/26 ms

1392 bits 20 ms
Interleaving over 2 bursts (header: 4 Normal burst:bursts)

2x58x3 bits BP: 15/26 ms
P3
1392 ! 69,6kb / s 20ms

Ref: TS 03.64
Data rate:
2 v 592 ! 59,2kb / s 20ms
Coding parameters
EGPRS modulation and coding schemes:
Scheme Code rate Header Modulation RLC blocks per Radio Code rate Block (20ms) 0.36 0.36 0.36 1/3 1/3 0.53 0.53 GMSK MCS-2 MCS-1 NOTE: 0.66 0.53 0.53 0.53 1 1 8PSK 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2x448 592 544+48 MCS-5 MCS-4 MCS-3 0.37 1.0 0.80 448 352 296 272+24 224 176 B C B C A 12 6 Raw Data within one Radio Block 2x592 2x544 Family BCS Tail HCS Data rate payload kb/s
MCS-9 MCS-8 MCS-7 MCS-6
1.0 0.92 0.76 0.49
A A B A
2x12
2x6
59.2 54.4 44.8 29.6 27.2 22.4 17.6 14.8 13.6 11.2 8.8
the italic captions indicate the padding.
Ref: TS 03.64
EGPRS RLC/MAC header

Three header types for EGPRS Example: Header type 1 (header for MCS-7, MCS-8 and MCS-9)
Bit 8 7 6 5 4 TFI RRBP ES/P BSN1 PR BSN1 BSN2 CPS 3 2 USF TFI 1 Octet 1 2 3 4 5
Downlink:
BSN1 BSN2
Bit 8 7 TFI BSN2 Spare PI
Uplink:
Ref: TS 04.60
5 4 3 Countdown Value BSN1 BSN1 BSN2 RSB CPS Spare 6

2 SI TFI
1 R
Octet 1 2 3 4 5 6
Multiple Mobiles and Uplink Transmission

Mobile transmissions controlled by USF (Uplink State Flag) sent on DL Mobile with correct USF will transmit in following block
USF = 3 USF = 2 RLC Data Block USF = 3 BTS
USF = 1
MSs
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Multiple Mobiles and Downlink Transmission

TFI value included in RLC block header - indicates with which TBF the RLC block is associated
TFI3
RLC Data Block TFI2 BTS
TFI5
TFI2 MSs
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MS classes for multislot capability

Rx: Rx describes the maximum number of receive timeslots that the MS can use per TDMA frame. The MS must be able to support all integer values of receive TS from 0 to Rx (depending on the services supported by the MS). The receive TS need not be contiguous. For type 1 MS, the receive TS shall be allocated within window of size Rx, and no transmit TS shall occur between receive TS within a TDMA frame. Tx: Tx describes the maximum number of transmit timeslots that the MS can use per TDMA frame. The MS must be able to support all integer values of transmit TS from 0 to Tx (depending on the services supported by the MS). The transmit TS need not be contiguous. For type 1 MS, the transmit TS shall be allocated within window of size Tx, and no receive TS shall occur between transmit TS within a TDMA frame. Sum: Sum is the total number of uplink and downlink TS that can actually be used by the MS per TDMA frame. The MS must be able to support all combinations of integer values of Rx and Tx TS where 1 <= Rx + Tx <= Sum (depending on the services supported by the MS). Sum is not applicable to all classes.
Multislot Classes
29 multislot classes specified: e.g.
Multislot class Maximum number of slots Minimum number of slots Type Rx Tx Sum Tta Ttb Tra Trb 1 1 1 2 3 2 4 2 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 1 1 4 3 1 4 3 1 3 1 1 5 2 2 4 3 1 3 1 1 6 3 2 4 3 1 3 1 1 7 3 3 4 3 1 3 1 1 4 1 5 1 2 1 1 Tta: Tta8relates to the time needed for3the MS to perform adjacent cell signal level 9 3 5 3 1 2 1 1 measurement and get 2 ready to transmit. 10 4 2 5 3 1 2 1 1 11 4 3 5 1 1 1 Ttb: Ttb relates to the time needed for3the MS to get2ready to transmit. This minimum 12 4 4 5 2 1 2 1 1 13 3 3 NA NA a) 3 a) 2 requirement will only be used when adjacent cell power measurements are not required 14 4 4 NA NA a) 3 a) 2 service selected 15 5 5 NA NA a) 3 a) 2 16 6 6 NA NA a) 2 a) 2 Tra: Tra17 relates to the time needed for the MS to perform adjacent cell signal level 7 7 NA NA a) 1 0 2 18 8 8 NA NA 0 0 0 2 measurement and get 2 ready NA receive. to 19 6 3 b) 2 c) 1 20 6 3 NA b) c) 1 Trb: Trb relates to the time needed for3the MS to get2ready to receive. This minimum 21 6 4 NA 3 b) 2 c) 1 requirement will only be used when adjacent cell power measurements are not required 22 6 4 NA 2 b) 2 c) 1 23 6 6 NA 2 b) 2 c) 1 service selected. 24 8 2 NA 3 b) 2 c) 1 25 8 3 NA 3 b) 2 c) 1 26 8 4 NA 3 b) 2 c) 1 27 8 4 NA 2 b) 2 c) 1 Company Confidential 35 NOKIA EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001 28 8 6 NA 2 b) 2 c) 1 29 8 8 NA 2 b) 2 c) 1
by the
by the
MS multislot example
Multislot class 5 MS in circuit switched configuration
Five basic configurations of channels are possible

Tt = Rx=2 1 Tx=2 Rx Tx All possible timeslots used Tx < Rx=2 Tt>1 2 Tra=3 Rx Tx Alternative downlink biased assymetry Rx Tx Uplink biased assymetry (not prohibited by multislot class) Tra=3 Rx Tx Downlink biased assymetry Rx < 2 Tt>1 Tx=2 Tra=3 Tt Tx = < Rx=2 1 2 Tra>3
RxTt < = 2 1 Tx=2 Tra>3 Rx Tx Alternative uplink biased assymetry (not prohibited by multislot class) These five combinations can be repeated at the six other positions that can be fitted within the same TDMA frame
Ref: TS 05.02
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Multiplexing GPRS/EGPRS
GPRS and EGPRS mobile stations can be multiplexed dynamically on the same PDCH Timeslot scheduling algorithm determines if there is a standard GPRS MS and EGPRS MS multiplexed on the timeslot, then at least one Radio Block every 360ms on the downlink must use GMSK coding scheme.
For MS synchronisation resons, if standard GPRS MS are multiplexed on the PDCH, at least one Radio Block every 360 ms on the Downlink must use GMSK (i.e. standard GPRS or MCS-1to MCS-4) (GSM 04.60 v. 8.5.0)
When USF is sent to GPRS MS the downlink coding scheme used in multiplexed timeslot shall be restricted to MCS1 to MCS4
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Incremental Redundancy Link Adaptation
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Incremental Redundancy (1)

IR is a physical layer performance enhancement for the acknowledged RLC mode of EGPRS. The basis for Incremental Redundancy (IR) is in the selective-rejectARQ protocol of the RLC layer. The ARQ protocol takes care of requesting and retransmitting incorrectly received blocks. By using the Backward Error Correction (BEC) procedures the selective retransmission of unsuccessfully delivered RLC/MAC blocks is obtained IR improves the reception of retransmissions by combining the information in the original transmission (which failed) with the received additional information, thereby increasing the probability of correct reception. The most important standardised feature of Incremental Redundancy is that MS has mandatory IR combining in its receiver. IR has also been taken into account in the design of the coding schemes and block formats.

The figure shows an example of IR transmission and combining with different puncturing schemes for different transmission. The shown case corresponds to MCS-4 or MCS9, where the basic code rate is 1/1.
original data 1/3 coded data
1st xmission r = 1/1
r = 1/1
1st decoding attempt
2nd xmission r = 1/1
r = 1/2
2nd decoding attempt
3rd xmission r = 1/1
r = 1/3
3rd decoding attempt
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MCS-9 with and without IR. Throughput vs. C/I in TU3 ideal FH. Gain of IR is up to 11 dB in this case. The dashed line shows IR performance with a limited IR receiver memory (20480 soft values). The IR gain is now limited to 8 dB.
50 60
40
30
20
10
MCS-9 MCS-9 IR MCS-9 IR 20 ksv
0 0
10
15
20
25
30

Ideal MCS selection with and without IR. Throughput vs. C/I in TU3 ideal FH. Gain of IR is at most 2 dB. Gains of IR and LA are not additive. In reality, MCS selection is suboptimal, so the real IR gain is between 2 and 8 dB. In other words, IR has two benefits: easier MCS selection, performance enhancement.
40 ideal MCS ideal MCS IR 60 50
30
20
10
0 0
10
15
20
25
30
Link adaptation
-MCS SelectionLink adaptation comprises an initial MCS selection and MCS adaptation
In the uplink, the entire MCS selection is controlled by one parameter, and MS performs MCS selection according to rules in 04.60. In the downlink, MCS selection is performed by the network. This makes trying different MCSs easier and allows finer control in choosing the MCS for retransmissions. Also special situations such as lack of IR memory can be handled separately on a block-by-block basis. For initial transmissions:

If IR memory is not full, use MCSpref_IR . If IR memory is full, use MCSpref_noIR .
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Link adaptation
-adaptation S10 Link adaptation algorithm:

is based on BEP mean and variance, reported by MS does not need TS specific BEP values BEP mapping tables are based on extensive link level simulations (they may later be updated according to e.g. field measurements) does not take BLER (ACK/NACK information) into account has 6 operator parameters which provide good and stable control of the algorithm is simple to implement and do not require much computing or additional memory
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Link Adaptation: Introduction 1/3

The task of the link adaptation algorithm is to select the optimal MCS for each radio condition to maximise channel throughput. Normally, LA adapts to path loss and shadowing but not fast fading. This corresponds to the "ideal LA" curves in link level simulations. For very fast moving mobiles LA cannot adapt to shadowing, which will be handled by IR. For very slow moving mobiles, the effect of fast fading cannot be separated from the effect of shadowing, therefore LA will adapt to fast fading. LA must take into account if IR combining is performed at the receiver. LA must take into account the effect of finite IR memory.
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LA must also support the Company Confidential unacknowledged RLC mode

NOKIA EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001
Link Adaptation: MCS selection

The default initial MCS value for RLC link adaptation is received from parameter database and it is an operator definable parameter one default initial MCS value for available frequency bands is used MAC receives the initial MCS setting when MAC requests for an allocation MAC informs RLC of initial MCS when TBF is created EGPRS Link Adaptation is activated in downlink when RLC receives EGPRS Packet Downlink ACK/NACK message on EGPRS acknowledge mode TBF In unacknowledged mode Link Adaptation is used to make MCS selection to downlink packets without packet retransmission
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The initial MCS value for UL data transfer is received by MS in Company Confidential PACKET UPLINK ASSIGNMENT or in PACKET TIMESLOT RECONFIGURE message if the properties of the concurrent
Acknowledged RLC mode uses selective packet confirmation where the receiving side confirms incoming packets. RLC packets are BSN numbered within TBF in use, and the BSN numbers are used to identify packets not received correctly
Link Adaptation: Retransmission Control
Each RLC data block contains a block sequence number (BSN) field that is 7 bits in length [04.60 / 9.1.4]
Receiving side sends confirmations either EGPRS PACKET DOWNLINK ACK/NACK or PACKET UPLINK ACK/NACK depending on TBF transfer direction.
The EGPRS PACKET DOWNLINK ACK/NACK confirmation packet is sent by the MS when requested by the network. The PACKET UPLINK ACK/NACK confirmation packet is sent by the network whenever the network decides to do so
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In downlink TBF the network can query the MS to send a EGPRS Channel Quality Report IE Company Confidential
Changing the MCS of an RLC block

MCSs are divided into three families: (MCS-1, MCS-4), (MCS-2, MCS-5, MCS-7) and (MCS-3, MCS-6, MCS-8, MCS9). Switching across families is never possible. RLC blocks of MCS-6 and MCS-9 can be freely switched back and forth
the difference between the two RLC blocks is that in MCS-9 the mother code is punctured more so that there is space in the radio interface block for two RLC blocks also IR combining is possible between these two MCSs.
Same applies to MCS-5 and MCS-7. IR combining is impossible across all the other switches, which are:

48 NOKIA
MCS-4 -> MCS-1-split (original RLC block is splitted into two) MCS-5 or MCS-7 -> MCS-2-split (original RLC block is splitted into two) MCS-6 or MCS-9 -> MCS-3-split (original RLC block is splitted into two) MCS-8 -> MCS-6-pad -> MCS-3-pad-split (MSC-8 block can not be directly transmitted by using lower MCS due to number of payload bits is EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001 not an integer multiple ofCompany Confidential a lower MCS number of paylod bits, therefore some padding is needed)
Link Adaptation Algorithm

Standard has specified the BEP (Bit Error Probability) measurements to be done by the MS (in DL) the BEP is done from the "soft bits" generted by the receiver (from the data bits) soft bit means decision which includes information about the reliability of the decision (i.e. how sure the receiver is that the received bit is decided correctly) - BEP can be calculated from that certainty information
the certainty value is a characteristic of viterbi decoder used in GSM reception
49
NOKIA

The LA procedure is based on static MCS selection tables in the PCU. MCS selection can be divided in three classes: 1. Initial MCS to be used when entering the packet transfer mode 2. MCS selection for initial transmissions of each RLC block in ACK mode 3. MCS to be used for retransmissions 4. Modulation selection The algorithm is activated on dowlink whenever a measurement report from MS is received. The algorithm is activated on uplink whenever the channel coding command is to be transmitted from network to the MS.
Link Adaptation Algorithm 1

Initial MCS to be used when entering the packet transfer mode In this case, the MCS to be used is decided according to the operator parameters:
y y
"Initial MCS coding scheme for the acknowledged mode" "Initial MCS coding scheme for unacknowledged mode"
51
NOKIA

MCS selection for initial transmissions of each RLC block in ACK mode
MCS selection is based on the MEAN_BEP and CV_BEP of the selected modulation. The appropriate table below is consulted 1for MCS selection CV_BEP-class 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 MEAN_BEP-class for GMSK and2 8-PSK CV_BEP-class 0 1 3 4 5 6 7
MEAN_BEP-class
03 4 5 6 79 10 19 20 31 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 03 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 16 17 21 22 25 26 31 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 7 8 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 7 8 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 7 8 9
For GMSK
6 7 8 9
6 7 8 9
6 7 8 9
6 7 8 9
For 8-PSK
52
NOKIA

MCS selection downlink for retransmissions in ACK mode
If modulation selection has selected to GMSK, GMSK will also be used for retransmissions of 8-PSK blocks by splitting the block (TBC) For 8-PSK modulation, the table below shows the maximum MCS used for retransmissions.
CV_BEP-class 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 MEAN_BEP-class
03 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 31 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
53
NOKIA

Modulation selection Modulation selection is based on 8-PSK MEAN_BEP, 8-PSK CV_BEP and GMSK_MEAN BEP according to the table below. If MS does not support 8-PSK in the uplink, GMSK shall be chosen in the uplink algorithm.
8PSK CV_BEP-class 0 8PSKMEAN_BEP-class
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 31
1
4 6 9
2
4 6 9
3
4 6 9
4
4 6 9 21
5
4 6 9 12 20 24
6
4 5 7 11 13 21
7
4 5 6 8 12 21
54
NOKIA
The items in the table above are the 8PSK MEAN_BEP and CV_BEP values. The table is used as follows: the algorithm locates an entry in the table based on measured 8PSK MEAN_BEP and CV_BEP values. This entry is compared to the measured GMSK MEAN_BEP value. If the measured value is larger GMSK is chosen, otherwise 8PSK is chosen. Company Confidential EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001

The figure shows the performance of a BEP based LA algorithm. Throughput vs. C/I in TU3 ideal FH. Realistic IR memory has been used. The algorithm works by using BEP reports from MS to select the coding scheme.
60 MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9 LA
50
40
30
20
10
0 0
10
15
20
25
30

Nokia EGPRS3 Details

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EGPRS Radio interface

EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001

Packet data logical channels 1/3

Packet Common Control Channe

EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001

Packet data logical channels 2/6

Packet Broadcast control channel

PBCCH broadcast packet data specific System Information.

EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001

Packet data Common Control logical channels

EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001

Paging co-ordination Yes No No

EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001

Packet data dedicated channels

EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001

X = Idle frame T = Frame used for PTCCH B0 - B11 = Radio blocks

EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001

Mapping of PBCCH/PCCCH DL (2/3)

EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001

Data Transfer - Temporary Block Flow

BSC Downlink TBF (+ PACCH for uplink TBF)

Establishing a TBF and Sending DataUL

EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001

Establishing a TBF and Sending Data DL

EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001

Radio Resource operating modes

Packet transfer mode

Dual transfer mode

EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001

GPRS Mobility Management States

READY Timer Expiry

STANDBY Timer Expiry

MS location not known. Subscriber is not reachable by the GPRS NW.

MS location known to RA level. MS is capable of being paged for data

MS location known to cell level. MS is transmitting or has just been transmitting.

EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001

RR operating modes and MM States correspondence

DTM capable MS:

EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001

(E)GPRS Transmission plane

IP / X.25 SNDCP LLC

SNDCP LLC RLC MAC GSM RF Um RLC MAC BSSGP

GTP UDP / TCP IP L2 L1 Gn

GTP UDP / TCP IP L2 L1 Gi

BSSGP Network Service L1bis Gb

Network Service GSM RF L1bis

Scope of TS 03.64 Company Confidential

Logical Link Control (LLC) Layer

Independent of underlying radio interface protocols

SNDCP LLC RLC

Radio Link Control (RLC)/ Medium Access Control (MAC) Layers

SNDCP LLC RLC

EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001

RLC: Segmentation & ARQ

2 * MCS-1 2 * MCS-2 2 * MCS-3 MCS-6 (pad) 2 * MCS-3 (pad)

EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001

EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001

EGPRS Modulation and Coding Schemes

Data treatment principle in RF layer

EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001

EGPRS Channel Coding

P 2 puncturing mother code 1/3 convolutional coding

EGPRS radio_v_2.PPT/ 23.3.2001