OPTICAL CROSS CONNECT

MULTI-VARIANT SWITCHING CAPABLE DEVICE

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Evolution of Optical Networks

Multi-Wavelength Networking
Multi-Wavelength Transmission Single Wavelength Transmission

Greater Network Scale

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Multi Wavelength Networking

Network and operations scaling v.S. Raw capacity
Single wavelength elements not keeping pace Operations need to scale
N Wavelength Per Fiber N Wavelength per Network Element Virtual Transport

Enabling technologies
Networking intelligence

Scalable and ultra dense architectures of electronic+optical

. . .

. . .

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Moving From Static to Intelligent

Intelligent Optical Networks Virtual Transport Networks Dynamic Provisioning Flexible Capacity Flexible Protection

Intelligent Optical Transport Network

Traditional Static Transport Network

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Point-to-Point WDM Physical Transport Overlays Static Provisioning Limited Line Rate Linear or Ring Protection
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Reduces ALT/TX-I/EONT/07/01 Ownership total Cost of

A Wavelength Routing Network is ...

. . . a Mesh of Optical Transmission and Switching Equipment

P-t-P DWDM System Optical Cross Connect (OXC)

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A Wavelength Routing Network is ...

. . . , which provides dynamic Point-to-Point Connections
SONET/SDH, Gigabit Ethernet, P

SONET/SDH P Gigabit Ethernet

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A Wavelength Routing Network is ...

. . . to attached Internetworking Devices.
IP Routers, SONET/SDH Muxes, ATM Switches, ...
?

SDH Mux
?

Black Box IP Router

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?
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Emergence Of Intelligent Optical Core

Scalable and Granular Capacity STM-1 to Wavelengths Distributed Intelligence Full Suite of Protection Methods

Layer 3 IP Layer 2 ATM Layer 1 Voice/P .L.

Provisioning & Intelligent Grooming

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Topology
An example of wavelength-routed network
5 1

Wavelength Routers:
P1

6 2 4

Lightpaths:

P2 7 3

P3

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OXC
A network device used by telecom carriers to switch high-speed optical signals (STM level). multiple high-speed signals that are switched in their entirety and not multiplexed together. To rearrange the wavelength from fibre to fibre To provide wavelength switching. To solve the output fabric port contention , interchanger is used. interchanger is expensive and required only if necessary.
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Optical Systems
Optical Cross-Connect

Optical CrossConnect
Terminating Equipment

110101

|
SONET, ATM, IP...

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Optical Network Building Blocks: Optical Cross-Connects (OXCs)

Input fibers with WDM channels Output fibers with WDM channels

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OXC switches signals on input {wavelengthi, fiberk} to output {wavelengthm, fibern}

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DeMUX
1 2 3

MUX
1 2 3

1 2 3

3 1

FIBRE IN

3 1

1 2 3

FIBRE OUT

Fiber 2

Interchange

OXC
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OXC Multi-variant switching capable device

Fibre switching Wavelength switching Wavelength Band switching Subwavelength switching Space switching Time switching
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Optical Switching

Figure 21. Optical Cross-Connects

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Optical Cross-Connects (OXCs)

Input fibers with WDM channels Output fibers with WDM channels

Opaque : o-e, e-o, electronic switch fabric Transparent : o-o-o, optical switch fabric Hybrid, (o-e-o): optical switch fabric, o-e-o Hybrid: both opaque and transparent fabrics
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Opaque/OEO/Electric

Pros OEO
- Known and mature technology - 3R regeneration for free - capable of bandwidth grooming bit error rate monitoring and statistical multiplexing

Cons
- Optical Scalability limit - Not bit-rate transparency - Not protocol transparency - Expensive

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Opaque/Electric OXC
SONET/SDH Digital Cross-connect (DXC) Also known as Digital Cross-connect Switch (DCS)

DXC/DCS

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Opaque/Electric OXC
SONET/SDH Digital Cross-connect (DXC) Also known as Digital Cross-connect Switch (DCS)
STS-N STS-1 DS-1 STS-N DS-1 ATM DS-1 DS-3 DS-3

DS-1

Electrical Switch Matrix

ATM

STS-N

DS-3

ATM

STS-N

STS-1

STS-N ATM DS-1 DS-3

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OEO vs OOO

- Optical Scalability - Bit-rate transparency OOO - service/protocol transparency

- Emerging Technology - not capable of bandwidth grooming, bit error rate monitoring and statistical multiplexing

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All Optical Cross-connects (OOO)

All Optical Cross-connect (OXC) Also known as Photonic Cross-connect (PXC)

OXC/PXC

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All Optical Cross-connects P2 (OOO) P4

All Optical Cross-connect (OXC) Also known as Photonic Cross-connect (PXC)

P1 P3
Optical Switch Fabric

P3 P4 P1
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P2
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Optical CrossConnect with Full Wavelength Conversion

P1,P2, ... ,Pn 1 P1 P2 Pn P1 P2 Pn . . . P1,P2, ... ,Pn m Wavelength Demux Wavelength Converters P2 P1 Pn P1 P2 Pn . . . P1 P2 Pn Optical CrossBar Switch Pn P1 P2 P1,P2, ... ,Pn m Wavelength Mux P1,P2, ... ,Pn 1 P1,P2, ... ,Pn 2 P1,P2, ... ,Pn 2

M demultiplexers at incoming side M multiplexers at outgoing side Mn x mn optical switch has wavelength converters at switch outputs
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Optical Port ContentionOptical Converter-benefits

Wavelength Converters convert an incoming signal's wavelength to a different outgoing wavelength. A converter can improve the wavelength utilization, can server as a transponder at the boundaries between different networks managed by different entities.
wavelength conversion

P3 P2 P1

P3 P2 P1

B (a)

B (b)

Fig. Illustrating the need for wavelength conversion (a) Node B does not convert wavelengths,and a new lightpath can not be set up between node A and node C. (b) Node B can convert wavelengths, and a new lightpath can be set up between node A and node C now.
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Optical Converter-Categories Converter categories:

Fixed-input, Fixed-output:Always takes in a fixed-input P and converts it into a fixed-output P; Variable-input, Fixed-output: takes in a variety of Ps but always converts it to a fixed-output P; Fixed-input, Variable-output: takes in a fixed P but can convert it into a variety of output Ps; Variable-input, Variable-output: can convert any input P to any output P
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OXC- Architecture and functions

An OXC provides several key functions in a larger network:  Wavelength Switching/Service provisioning: It can provision lightpaths in a automated manner.  Protection: Protecting lightpaths against failures is one of the most important functions of an OXC.  Bit rate transparency:An OXC can switch signals with arbitrary bit rates and frame formats.  Performance monitoring,test access, and fault localization.  Multiplexing and grooming.  Optical Add/drop functions 1/17/2012 ALT/TX-I/EONT/07/01

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Optical Crossconnects (OXCs)

OXC

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Optical Switching Fabric & Requirement

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Switching fabric
Opaque fabric SDH DXC Non-grooming fabric Grooming fabric Transparent fabric MEMS Thermo-optical waveguide switch Acoustic-optical switch Bubble switch Liquid crystal
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Several criteria for fabric

Scalability Switching speed Power consumption Reliability Signal power loss Signal quality degradation
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Opaque vs Transparent
Features Wavelength conversion Optical impairments Interoperability Traffic grooming Ability to manipulate data Scalability in ports Transmission cost perbit Flexibility
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Opaque Intrinsic Less or signal regenerates Yes,multivendor Can be supported Yes

Transparent May or may not Need special mechanism Not yet Not No Scalable Scalable Low low
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Scalability to high spped Less scalable Less scalable High High

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Micro-electro-mechanical systems

(MEMS)
A micro-mirror is used to reflect a light beam. The direction in which the light beam is reflected can be changed by rotating the mirror to different angles, allowing the input light to be connected to any output port. Micro-machining techniques for fabricating the mirror, Optical design techniques for achieving low-loss optical connections, Control techniques for positioning the mirror accurately.
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OXC/PXC Switching Mechanisms

Micro-electrical Mechanical Systems
Fibers

MEMs
Used for many other applications

Reflector

From Lucent, Corning, Xros (Nortel), and others

Imaging Lenses

Currently 8 x 8 OXC 256 mirrors, long-term goal 1,024

OXC Electrical controls Voltage applied to mirror; tilts on 2 axis + or 6 degrees

MEMs tilting mirrors

Switch times typically 10 to 25 ms

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Figure 4-1: MEMs[2]

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Figure 6-5: 2-axis motion of MEMs OCX mirror[12]

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Figure 6-7: 256x256 OXC switching array[14]

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Nortel OPTera Connect PX

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252/1008 port dual-core photonic cross connect

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