VISHAL CHHUGANI

Definition of Displacement Pump

y It is a pump which imparts energy to the pumpage (the

material pumped) by trapping a fixed volume at suction (inlet) conditions, compressing it to discharge pressure, then pushing it into the discharge (outlet) line. y A displacement pump does not rely on velocity to achieve pumping action, as does a centrifugal pump or ejector.

PUMP TERMINOLOGY
y Pumping, the addition of energy to a fluid y Pumping action creates a partial vacuum while atmospheric pressure forces liquid up. y Pump performance, specified in terms of Q and H:

H ! Q/t ! (

Pd , g  Ps , g K

Vd Vs )( )  (Z d  Z s )  2g 2g

y Displacement, the discharge of a fluid from a vessel y Centrifugal Force, used to produce kinetic energy

Introduction What are Pumping Systems

20% of worlds electrical energy demand 25-50% of energy usage in some industries Used for
Domestic, commercial, industrial and agricultural services Municipal water and wastewater services

Introduction What are Pumping Systems

Objective of pumping system Transfer liquid from source to destination Circulate liquid around a system
(US DOE, 2001)
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Introduction What are Pumping Systems

Main pump components
Pumps Prime movers: electric motors, diesel engines, air system Piping to carry fluid Valves to control flow in system Other fittings, control, instrumentation

End-use equipment
Heat exchangers, tanks, hydraulic machines
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Introduction Pumping System Characteristics

Head
Resistance of the system Two types: static and friction
destination Stati c head

Static head
Difference in height between source and destination Independent of flow
Static head

source

Flow UNEP82006

Introduction Pumping System Characteristics

Static head consists of
Static suction head (hS): lifting liquid relative to pump center line Static discharge head (hD) vertical distance between centerline and liquid surface in destination tank

UNEP 2006

Introduction Pumping System Characteristics

Friction head
Resistance to flow in pipe and fittings Depends on size, pipes, pipe fittings, flow rate, nature of liquid Proportional to square of flow rate Closed loop system only has friction head (no static head)
Friction head

Flow UNEP 2006

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Introduction Pumping System Characteristics

In most cases: Total head = Static head + friction head
System curve System curve

System head
Static head

Friction head

System head

Friction head Static head

Flow

Flow
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Introduction Pumping System Characteristics

Pump performance curve Relationship between head and flow
Flow increase System resistance increases Head increases Flow decreases to zero
Flow Head

Performance curve for centrifugal pump

Zero flow rate: risk of

pump burnout
UNEP 2006
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Introduction Pumping System Characteristics

Pump operating point
Duty point: rate of flow at certain head Pump operating point: intersection of pump curve and system curve
Head
Pump performance curve Pump operating point

System curve

Static head

Flow
UNEP 2006
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Introduction Pumping System Characteristics

Pump suction performance (NPSH)
Cavitation or vaporization: bubbles inside pump If vapor bubbles collapse Erosion of vane surfaces Increased noise and vibration Choking of impeller passages Net Positive Suction Head NPSH Available: how much pump suction exceeds liquid vapor pressure NPSH Required: pump suction needed to avoid 14 cavitation UNEP 2006

Type of Pumps Positive Displacement Pumps

For each pump revolution
Fixed amount of liquid taken from one end Positively discharged at other end

If pipe blocked
Pressure rises Can damage pump

Used for pumping fluids other than water

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Type of Pumps Positive Displacement Pumps

Reciprocating pump
Displacement by reciprocation of piston plunger Used only for viscous fluids and oil wells

Rotary pump
Displacement by rotary action of gear, cam or vanes Several sub-types Used for special services in industry
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Uses and Applications

y Displacement pumps serve primarily in applications of

low capacity and high pressure, those mostly beyond the capabilities of centrifugal pumps. Some of these services could be performed by centrifugals, but not without an increase in power requirements and/or maintenance. y Displacement pumps achieve high pressures with low pumpage velocities. y It is suitable to pumped abrasive or viscous slurries as powdered coal to peanut butter.

Net Positive Suction Head

y Net positive suction head (NPSH), also called net

positive inlet pressure (NPIP)&net inlet pressure (NIP) y NPSH is the difference between suction pressure and vapor pressure, at the pump suction nozzle, when the pump is running. y It is the energy in the liquid required to overcome the friction losses from the suction nozzle to the eye of the impeller without causing vaporization.

Net Positive Suction Head in displacement pumps

y In a reciprocating pump, NPSH is required to push the suction valve from its seat and to overcome the friction losses and acceleration head within the pump liquid end. y In a rotary pump, NPSH is required to push the pumpage into the cavities created by the pumping elements. y If sufficient NPSH is not provided by the system, the pumpage will begin to flash (boil) as it flows into the pump. y The vapor will cause a deterioration of pump performance. y This is called cavitation damage. The shock created by the bubble collapse may be severe enough to crack a fluid cylinder or break a crankshaft.

ROTARY PUMPS
y Positive displacement type

High pressure, high efficiency Liquids must be free of solids Handle viscous fluids
y Used mainly in, oil burners, soaps and

cosmetics, sugars, syrup, and molasses, dyes, ink, bleaches, vegetable and mineral oils

RECIPROCATING PUMPS

PISTON PUMPS PLUNGER PUMPS DIAPHRAGM PUMPS

y Two valves and one stuffing box y A rotating mechanism for the reciprocating piston y Uses suction to raise liquid into the chamber.

PUMPING PROBLEMS
Cavitation
Reduces the pump capacity Causes metal removal reduced flow loss in efficiency and noise To avoid cavitation

NPSH

POWER AND EFFICIENCY CALCULATIONS

The power supplied to the pump: (1)

Where m=mass flow rate, kg/s (H= total discharge head, N.m/kg L=efficiency

.THE POWE DELIVERED TO THE FLUID

:
(2) From equations (1) and (2) efficiency:

PUMP SELECTION
The amount of fluid The properties of the fluid Type of power supply Cost and mechanical efficiency of the pump

CAPACITY
LOW GEAR HIGH HIGHER

PRESSURE
SMALL OR MODERATE MODERATE OR HIGH

LOBE CENTRIFUGAL RECIPROCATING or RIGID SCREW ROTARY PLUNGER or ROTARY PISTON

Assessment of pumps How to Calculate Pump Performance

Pump shaft power (Ps) is actual horsepower delivered to the pump shaft
Pump shaft power (Ps): Ps = Hydraulic power Hp / pump efficiency Pump Pump Efficiency ( Pump): Pump = Hydraulic Power / Pump Shaft Power

Pump output/Hydraulic/Water horsepower (Hp) is the liquid horsepower delivered by the pump
Hydraulic power (Hp): Hp = Q (m3/s) x Total head, hd - hs (m) x
hd - discharge head - density of the fluid

(kg/m3) x g (m/s2) / 1000

hs suction head, g acceleration due to gravity

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Assessment of pumps Difficulties in Pump Assessment

Absence of pump specification data to assess pump performance Difficulties in flow measurement and flows are often estimated Improper calibration of pressure gauges & measuring instruments
Calibration not always carried out Correction factors used
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CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

y WHAT IS CENTRIFUGAL PUMP? y WORKING MECHANISM OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP y ADVANTEGAES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

WHAT IS CENTRIFUGAL PUMP?

y Convert the mechanical energy into

y y y

hydraulic energy by centrifugal force on the liquid Constitute the most common type of pumping machinery Used to move liquids through a piping system Has two main components: 1. Stationary componets, casing, casing cover and bearings 2. Rotating components, impeller and shaft Classified into three categories ; Radial Flow, Mixed Flow, Axial Flow

WORKING MECHANISM OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

y Simplest piece of equipment in any process plant y Energy changes occur by virtue of impeller and volute y Liquid is fed into the pump at the center of a rotating impeller and thrown outward by centrifugal force y The conversion of kinetic energy into pressure energy supplies the pressure difference between the suction side and delivery side of the pump

Liquid flow path inside a centrifugal pump

ADVANTAGES OF CENTRIGUGAL PUMPS

Advantages
y y y y y

Simple in construction and cheap Handle liquid with large amounts of solids No metal to metal fits No valves involved in pump operation Maintenance costs are lower

DISADVANTAGES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Disadvantages
y Cannot handle highly viscous fluids efficiently y Cannot be operated at high heads y Maximum efficiency holds over a narrow range of conditions

Reciprocating Pump
y A reciprocating pump is a displacement pump which

reciprocates the pumping element (piston, plunger, or diaphragm). y The capacity of a reciprocating pump is proportional to its speed, and is relatively independent of discharge pressure.

Power Pump
y It is one that reciprocates the pumping element with a crankshaft or camshaft .It requires a driver which has a rotating shaft, such as a motor, engine, or turbine.

Horizantal Power Pump

Direct-acting Pump
y It is a reciprocating pump driven by a fluid which has a

differential pressure. The motive fluid pushes on a piston (or diaphragm) which pushes the pumping element through a rod (or directly on the pumpage).

Rotary Pumps
y It are displacement pumps which have rotating

pumping elements, such as gears, lobes, screws, vanes, or rollers. They do not contain inlet and outlet check valves, as do reciprocating pumps. y Because of the close clearances, the pumpage must be clean.

Gear pump
y Both external- and internal-gear rotary pumps are

used in lubrication systems of engines, compressors, and larger pumps.

Lobe Pump
y Lobe pumps are similar in construction and pumping

action to external gear pumps. y The lobes are often made of elastomers, and operate at low speeds. y It are used to transfer delicate items such as cherries and other foods and even live fish.

Three Lobe Pump

Screw Pump
y Screw pumps are constructed with one, two, or three

screws. y The single-screw pump is more commonly called a progressing-cavity pump. y The three-screw rotary pump is a high-speed pump used primarily for lubrication systems on turbines, compressors, and centrifugal pumps.

Sliding Vane
y Sliding vane rotary pump. The single rotor contains

multiple vanes which slide in radial slots. The rotor and casing are eccentric. The vanes maintain contact with the casing by centrifugal force and pressure.. y Some sliding-vane pumps are suitable for low-lubricity liquids such as light hydrocarbons.

Flexible Member
y Some rotary pumps are built with flexible vanes,

liners, and tubes. The flexible tube pump, also called a peristaltic pump.

Plunger Pump
y In these pumps, the inner body rotates, causing each

plunger to alternately accept pumpage from the inlet and deliver it to the discharge port. y Rotary plunger pumps are used in hydraulic systems to provide power to hydraulic motors and cylinders.

Circumferential-Piston Pump
y Although sometimes considered a lobe pump, this unit

differs from the lobe unit in that there is no close clearance between the two rotors. Close clearance does exist, though, between each rotor and adjacent stationary parts.

Thanks for listening