Kaveh Khabiri

B.S., Human Nutrition M.Sc., Physical Education Ph.D., Exercise Physiology

NCDFS,, MPEA,,

Vice president Scientific Association HFN Chairman Nutrition council NOC Head of International Sport Medicine Center GSH Consultant I IDD2002 Project for Unicef IDD2002 Member of Scientific Board NOPA

Overview
Nutrients fuel for energy supply energy storages Energy Systems Energy transfer High energy phosphates ATP ATP utilization other high energy phosphates ways to produce ATP Electron transfer reduction equivalents

Bioenergetics I

Dr. Michael Scholz (MD) Lectured Dr. Kaveh Khabiri (PhD, NCDFS, MPEA,) MPEA,)

&
2010-2011

Energy supply for the body

Nutrients: Fuels for the body There are different nutrients used to produce energy for the metabolism Carbohydrates: Fat: Protein: 16 kJ/g 37 kJ/g 17 kJ/g

Carbohydrates (CHO) can be metabolised under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Proteins and fat require oxygen to be metabolised

Energy supply for the body

Storing energy The body gains energy sources by the all day dietary uptake but the body even stores energy for times of starvation Fat Protein Carbohydrates 79% 20% 1%
of energy stored

most energy is stored as fat Most of the energy used comes from CHO

Energy supply for the body

Catabolic and anabolic metabolism
Catabolic metabolism is the break down or oxidation of nutrients it releases energy it produces intermediates that are useful for the metabolism Anabolic metabolism produces or synthesises new components or substances i.e. enzymes, fat, hormones This consumes energy It requires different precursors Energy of the catabolic metabolism is used for the anabolic metabolism Synthesized end products CHO, fats, proteins + O2

Anabolism
precursors

Energy

Catabolism
H2O + CO2

Energy systems
Main systems are: Glycolysis TCA- or Krebs-Cycle Electron transport ( chain and oxidative phosphorylation
)

The systems are not isolated They work together and parallel to each other

Energy systems
The different energy systems of the human body are used regarding to different energetic demands The choice of the energy system is influence by the Supply velocity availability oxygen supply

Energy transfer
Metabolic energy is generated by oxidizing different nutrients Principally oxidation is similar to a combustion ( ) C6H1206 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

This formula describes the over all reaction when the body burns Glucose by aerobic glycolysis

The same formula can be used to describe the reaction when wood is burned in a fire

Energy transfer

In the cell the energy is released in many single portions

Controlled enzymatic reactions are used to convert and transfer the chemical energy of the oxidation to make it utilizable for the metabolism

High energy phosphates

Adenosine triphosphate Energy of food oxidation is used to produce ATP that is used as a universal cellular energy currency
adenine
NH2 N O HO P OH O O P OH O O P OH O O N N N

triphosphate
OH OH

ribose

High energy phosphates

ATP Hydroxylation In the metabolism transfer of phosphate residues or hydrolysation of phosphate bonds is used to store, transfer and utilize chemical energy
ATPase

ATP

ADP + Pi + energy

work mechanical transport synthesis

High energy phosphates

Myokinase reaction ADP is still a high energy phosphate It has less energy than ATP but more than AMP This fact is used by tissues with a high energy turnover like skeletal muscle
Myokinase

2 ADP

ATP + AMP

From 2 ADP which cannot be used by the muscle (myosin ATPase) 1 ATP is produced that can be used!

High energy phosphates

Other high energetic phosphates
Beside ATP the other nucleotide triphosphates are used: GTP, UTP, CTP there are other high energy phosphates: intermediates of the Glycolysis 1,3-diphosphoglycerate phosphoenol pyruvate Creatine-Phosphate as energy reservoir in the skeletal muscle (phosphagen system)

High energy phosphates

Creatine phosphate: the phosphagen system
The working skeletal muscle has a very high ATP turn over The phosphagen or creatine kinase system enables the fast regeneration of ATP from Creatine phosphate and ADP in situations with an exceeding ATP demand
Creatine Kinase

CrP + ADP

Cr + ATP

Under resting condition Creatine phosphate is regenerated by the reverse reaction

High energy phosphates

Production of ATP There are two different ways to produce ATP from ADP and Pi Substrate level phosphorylation
energy of the oxidation is directly converted by transferring a phosphate (Pi) from an intermediate (Phosphoenol pyruvate) to ADP (Glycolysis and Citric acid cycle)

Oxidative phosphorylation
Energy of oxidation is used to produce reduction equivalents these are oxidized in the mitochondria by oxygen This energy is indirectly used to produce ATP

Electron transfer
Oxidation/Reduction Reduction equivalents are the second energy currency of the cell ( ) They are used to transport electrons (e-) from the nutrient to the final oxidizing agents (in human O2) The most important reduction equivalents are NAD+ FAD NADP+
+ 2 e+ 2 e+ 2 e-

NADH + H+ FADH2 NADPH + H+

The electron from NADPH + H+ reduction are not used to produce ATP but for the anabolic metabolism

Conclusions
Carbohydrates, fat or proteins are used to generate metabolic energy Different systems work together to guarantee sufficient energy supply under different physiological conditions Nutrients are oxidized and the energy is used to produce ATP and or other high energy phosphates ATP can be produced by substrate level phosphorylation or by oxidative phosphorylation Electron transport especially to the electron transport chain is important for energy utilisation

Literature
McArdle, Katch & Katch Exercise Physiology 5th Edition, Chapter 6 Energy transfer in the body