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DISPERSE SYSTEM
Suspensions
Is a two-phase system consisting of a finely divided solid dispersed in a liquid vehicle. The finely divided particles are also referred to as Suspensoids .
Suspensions
these preparations, the substance distributed is referred to as dispersed phase and the vehicle is termed the dispersing phase or dispersion medium. Together, they produce a dispersed system.
In
Suspensions
Dispersions
containing coarse particles, usually 10 to 50 um in size, are referred to as coarse dispersion. Dispersions containing particles of smaller size are termed fine dispersions (0.5 to 10 um)
Suspensions
In
general sense, Suspension may include: 1. Gels 2. Lotions 3. Magmas and Milk 4. Mixtures
Particles should be small uniform sizes that do not settle rapidly The particles that do settle to the bottom of the container should not pack in to a hard cake and should be re-dispersed completely and evenly with a minimum amount of agitation
Characteristic of Suspensions
Should
not be too viscous to pour freely from the mouth of the bottle Should have an agreeable odor, color and taste and must not decomposed or support mold growth during storage Must have therapeutic efficacy
Characteristic of Suspensions
Suspensions
for injections must contain particles size such that they can pass freely through the syringe needle called syringeability.
Characteristic of Suspensions
Ophthalmic
suspension should be formulated such that the particles do not exceed 10 microns. Below this size, the patient experiences no pain when instilled into the eyes.
Characteristic of Suspensions
Topical use, fine particles are desired to avoid grittiness when applied to the skin. The smaller the size, the greater the covering and protective power of the preparation
For
in administration of usually large doses Safety and convenience of liquid doses for infants and children. Disagreeable taste of certain drugs when given in solution is negligible when the drug is administered as undissolved particles of a suspension, e.g chloramphenicol
Dispersion Medium
Suspending agents are added to the dispersion medium to lend its structure to assist in the suspension of the dispersed phase Examples: Carboxymethylcelulose Methylcellulose Microcrystalline cellulose Polyvinyl pyrolidone, Xanthan gum Bentonite
Dispersion Medium
The
amount of the suspending agent must not be such to render the suspension too viscous to agitate (to distribute the suspensoid) or to pour. The study of the flow characteristics is termed rheology
Sustained-Release Suspension
In liquid preparations (suspensions) of the coated particles, the drug remains adsorbed onto resin, but slowly released by the ionexchange process when taken into gastrointestinal tract. The use of a combination of ion-exchange resins complex and particle coating is called Pennkinetic system. Examples: Hydrocodone polistirex =Tussionex Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension
All suspensions should be packaged in containers having: 1. Adequate airspace above the liquid to permit adequate shaking. 2. Should be provided in wide mouth containers to permit the prompt and ease of removal of the suspension. 3. Store in tight containers protected from freezing, excessive heat and light. 4. Suspensions should be shaken before use.
Example of Preparation
Aluminum Hydroxide Compressed Gel 326.8 g Sorbitol Solution 282.0 mL Syrup 93.0 mL Glycerin 25.0 m Methylparaben 0.9 g Propylparaben 0.3 g Flavor q.s Purified water, to make 1000.0 mL USE: ANTACID
Preparation
methylparaben and propylparaben preservatives; syrup and sorbitol - viscosity and sweetness. In the preparation, the parabens are dissolved in a heated mixture of the sorbitol solution, glycerin, syrup and a portion of the water. The mixture then cooled and the aluminum hydroxide added with stirring. The flavor is added and sufficient purified water to volume. The suspension is then homogenized, using hand homogenizer, homomixer, or colloid mill
Antibacterial (non- Methenamine Mandelate - Mandelamine Suspension/Forte antibiotic Anti- Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim - Bactrim, Septra infectives) Suspension Sulfamethoxazole - Gantanol Suspension Sulfisoxazole Acetyl Oral Suspension- Gantrisin Syrup/Pedia Anticonvulsants Antidiarrheal Pimidone Oral Suspension - Mysoline Suspension Bismuth Subsalicylate - Pepto-Bismol liquid
Otic Suspension
Examples:
Polymixin B sulfate, Neomycin sulfate, Hydrocortisone - pH 3.0 to 3.5; Cortisporin Otic Suspension - pH 4.8 to 5.1; PediOtic - pH of 4.1
Note: Pharmacist must be aware that there may be subtle differences in the formulation of some otic suspensions that could be potentially bothersome to the patient
Rectal Suspensions
Examples:
Barium sulfate for Suspension, USP may be employed orally or rectally for the diagnostic visualization of the GIT. Mesalamine (5-aminosalicylic acid) - for treatment of Crohns disease, distal ulcerative colitis, proctosigmoiditis, and proctitis.
Amoxicillin for Oral Suspension AMOXIL Ampicillin for Oral Suspension OMNIPEN Bacampicillin for Oral Suspension SPECTROBID Cefaclor for Oral Suspension CECLOR Cefixime for Oral Suspension SUPRAX POWDER
FOR ORAL SUSPENSION FOR ORAL SUSPENSION FOR ORAL SUSPENSION FOR ORAL SUSPENSION FOR ORAL SUSPENSION
Cephadrine for Oral Suspension KEFLEX Dicloxacillin Sodium for Oral Suspension (PATHOCIL) Doxycycline for Oral Suspension VIBRAMYCIN MONOHYDRATE Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate for Oral Suspension E.E.S. GRANULES Penicillin V for Oral Suspension
FOR ORAL SUSPENSION FOR ORAL SUSPENSION FOR ORAL SUSPENSION FOR ORAL SUSPENSION
Sample Products
CEFIXIME
TERGECEF GRANULES FOR SUSPENSION
PARACETAMOL
BIOGESIC SUSPENSION
CARBOCISTEIN E
SOLMUX FORTE SUSPENSION
EMULSIONS
Is a dispersion in which the dispersed phase is composed of small globules of a liquid distributed throughout a vehicle in which it is immiscible.
Emulsion terminology
The dispersed phase is referred to as the Internal phase The dispersion medium as the External or Continuous phase Emulsions having an oleaginous internal phase and aqueous external phase are referred to as oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions Emulsions having an aqueous internal phase and an oleaginous external phase are termed water-in- oil (w/o) emulsions.
Emulsion terminology
Unless a third component - the emulsifying agent - is present the dispersion is unstable, and the globules undergo coalescence to form two separate layers of water and oil Because the external phase of an emulsion is continuous, an O/W emulsion may be diluted with water or an aqueous preparation, and W/O emulsion with an oleaginous or oil miscible liquid
Emulsion terminology
The aqueous phase may contain water-soluble drugs, preservatives, coloring and flavoring agents The oil phase frequently consists of fixed oil or volatile and drugs that exist as oil, such as oil-soluble vitamins and antiseptic It is necessary to add antioxidant to prevent autoxidation of the oil and rancidity/and or destruction of any vitamin present.
Purpose of Emulsification 1. Pharmaceutically a. The pharmacist can prepare relatively stable and homogenous mixture of 2 immiscible liquids b. Emulsification can permit the administration of liquid drug in the form of minute globules rather than in bulk
Purpose of Emulsification
2. Therapeutically A. Beneficial to the rate and degree of absorption of the drug after administration by any of the usual route B. O/W emulsions may also be useful as vehicle to develop the bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs C. For orally administered emulsion the O/W type permits the palatable administration of an otherwise distasteful oil by dispersing it in a sweetened, flavored vehicle.
Purpose of Emulsification
D. The reduced particle size of the oil globules may render the oil more digestible and more readily absorbed and therefore more effective E. Emulsion to be applied externally can be made such that the medicinal agent that are irritating to the skin surface may be incorporated in the internal phase than in the external phase since the latter is in direct contact with the skin F. On the unbroken skin, a W/O emulsion can usually be applied more evenly since the skin is covered with a thin film sebum, and this surface is more readily wetted by oil than by water. On the other hand, if it is easily removed from the skin, O/W is preferred.
Theories of Emulsification
1. 2. 3. 4.
Surface Tension Theory Oriented-Wedge Theory Plastic or Internal Film Theory Viscosity Theory
Surface tension A property of liquids in which the exposed surface tends to contract to the smallest possible are. In a spherical drop of liquid there are internal forces that tend to promote the association of the molecule of the substance to resist the distortion of the drop into a less spherical form.
Oriented-wedge Theory
Assumes monomolecular layers of emulsifying agent curved around a droplet of the internal phase of the emulsion. It is based on the presumption that certain emulsifying agents orient themselves about and within a liquid in a manner reflective of their solubility in that particular liquid. An emulsifying agent having a greater hydrophilic character than hydrophobic character will promote an O/w emulsion and a W/O emulsion results through use of more hydrophobic than hydrophilic emulsifiers.
Places the emulsifying agent at the interface between the oil and water, surrounding the droplets of the internal phase as a thin layer of film adsorbed on the surface of the drops. The film prevents the contact and the coalescence of the dispersed phase, the tougher and more pliable the film, the greater the stability of the emulsion.
Viscosity Theory
States that the viscosity of an emulsion aids emulsification by the mechanical hindrance to coalescence of the globules although it is not the cause of emulsification.
Emulsifying Agents
Natural Emulsifying Agents y These materials form hydrophilic colloids when added to water and generally produced O/W emulsions. Acacia is most frequently use. Tragacanth and Agar - thickening agents in Acacia emulsified products. y These substances produce O/W emulsions. The disadvantage of gelatin is that the emulsion prepared from it are too fluid. y These materials employed primarily as thickening and stabilizing agents for O/W emulsions such as lotion and ointments Cholesterol may also be employed in externally used emulsion and promote W/O emulsions. Carbohydrates: y acacia, y tragacanth y agar, y chondrus, y pectin Proteins y gelatin, y egg yolk,
y
y y y
casein
stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate
Emulsifying Agents
Finely Divided Solids yThese materials generally form O/W emulsions when the insoluble material is added to the aqueous phase if there is greater volume of the aqueous phase than of the oleaginous phase y(wetting agents), which may be Anionic, Cationic, Nonionic Colloidal clays including yBentonite, yMagnesium hydroxide yAluminum hydroxide
Synthetic
yAnionic: triethanolamine oleate and sodium lauryl sulfate yCationic: benzalkonium chloride yNonionic: sorbitan esters (span); polyethylene glycol 400 monostearate; polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters (Tweens)
Must be compatible with other ingredients in the formula Must not interfere with the stability and efficacy of the therapeutic agent Must be stable to microorganisms Must be non-toxic Must possess little or no odor, taste or color Must promote emulsification and maintain stability of the emulsion for intended shelf-life
Each emulsifying agents has a hydrophilic portion (water-loving) and a lipophilic portion (oil-loving) with one or other being more or less predominant and influencing A method indicative of the substances polarity devised and lead to the assigning of an HLB value for each agent. The usual range is between 1 to 20. Materials that are highly polar or hydrophilic have assigned higher numbers than materials that are less polar and were lipophilic.
Surfactants having an assigned HLB value from 3 to 6 are greatly lipophilic and produce W/O emulsions and those HLB values of from about 8 to 18 produce O/W emulsions. In selecting an Emulsifier for an emulsion, choose one having the same or nearly the same HLB value as the oleaginous phase Example: Mineral oil has assigned HLB of 4 if a W/O emulsion is desired and a value of 10.5 if O/W emulsion is prepared Therefore, use surfactant SPAN 80 (Sorbitan monoleate) with HLB 4.3 for W/O emulsion and methylcellulose with HLB of 10.5 for O/W.
Amercol L-101 8.0 Polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (Brij 30) 9.7 Gelatin 9.8 Triton X-45 10.4 Methylcellulose 10.5 Polyoxyethylene monostearate (Myrj 45) 11.1 Triethanolamine oleate 12.0 Tragacanth 13.2 Triton X-100 13.5 Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (Tween 60) 14.9 Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) 15.0
PSM (Tween 20) Pluronic F 68 Sodium oleate Potassium oleate Sodium lauryl sulfate
Methods of Preparation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Continental or Dry gum method English or wet gum method Bottle or Forbes bottle method Auxiliary method In SITU soap method Microemulsions
The method is also referred to as the 4:2:1 method because for every 4 parts (volumes) of oil, 2 parts of water and 1 part of gum are added in preparing the initial or primary emulsion. For instance, if 40 mL of oil are to be emulsified, 20 mL of water and 10 g of gum would be employed, with additional water or other formulation ingredients being added afterward to the primary emulsion
2.
3.
The acacia or other O/W emulsifier is triturated with the oil in a perfectly dry Wedgewood or porcelain mortar until thoroughly mixed. After the oil and gum have been mixed, the two parts of water are then added all at once, and the mixture is triturated immediately, rapidly, and continuously until the primary emulsion that forms is creamy white and produces a crackling sound to the movement of the pestle Generally, about 3 minutes of mixing are required to produce such a primary emulsion.
For the extemporaneous preparation of emulsions from volatile oils or oleaginous substances of low viscosities, the bottle method is used. (2:2:1)
Auxiliary Methods
An emulsion by either the wet gum or dry gum methods can generally be increased in quality by passing it through a hand homogenizer. In this apparatus, the pumping action of the handle forces the emulsion through a very small orifices which reduces the globules of the internal phase to about 5 um and sometime less
Example: Calamine Liniment (itchy, dry skin, sunburn) Calamine Zinc Oxide . 80.0 g Olive oil Calcium Hydroxide Soln aa q.s ad 1000.0 mL
Microemulsions
Thermodynamically stable, optically transparent, isotropic mixtures of a biphasic oil-water system stabilized with surfactants. The diameter of droplets in a microemulsion may be in the range of 100 A (10 microns) to 1000 A whereas in a microemulsion the droplets may be 5000 angstroms in diameter. Both O/W and W/O microemulsions may be formed spontaneously by agitating the oil and water phases with carefully selected surfactant.
Microemulsions
Advantages: More rapid and efficient oral absorption of drugs than through solid dosage forms Enhance transdermal drug delivery through increased drug diffusion into the skin The technique potential application of microemulsion in the development of artificial red blood cells and in the argeting of cytotoxic drugs to cancer cells
Examples of Emulsions
1. Turpentine Oil Emulsion Rectified Turpentine oil 150 mL Acacia powder 50 g Purified water, q.s to make 1000 mL 2. Liquid Petrolatum Emulsion - Mineral oil Emulsion; Liquid Paraffin Mineral oil 500 mL Acacia .. 125 g Syrup 100 mL Vanilla .. 40 mg Alcohol . 60 mL Purified water, q.s to make 1000 mL 3. Cod liver Oil Emulsion - laxative with empty stomach Cod liver oil .. 500 mL Acacia . 125 g Syrup .. 100 mL Methyl salicylate .. 4 mL Purified water, q.s to make 1000 mL
Emulsion Stability
A stable emulsion is characterized by the following: 1. Absence of flocculation and creaming 2. Absence of coalescence of globules and separation of the layers 3. Absence of deterioration due to microorganisms 4. Maintenance of elegance with respect to appearance, odor, color and consistency
Emulsion Stability
Emulsion is considered physically unstable if: The internal or dispersed phase upon standing tends to form aggregates of globules.
Large
globules or aggregates of globules rise to the top or fall to the bottom of the emulsion to form concentrated layer of the internal phase.
If
all or part of the liquid of the internal phase becomes unemulsified and forms a distinct layer on the top or bottom of the emulsion as result of the coalescing of the globules of the internal phase
Terminology
Flocculation - is the joining together of globules to form large clumps or floccules which rise or settle in the emulsion more rapidly than do the individual particles is the rising (upward creaming) or settling (downward creaming) of globules or floccules to form a concentrated layer at the surface or to the bottom of the emulsion unlike creaming, the coalescence of globules and the subsequent breaking of an emulsion are irreversible processes. In creaming, the globules are still surrounded by a protective coating or sheath of emulsifying agent and may redispersed simply by agitating the product. Molds, yeast and bacteria may bring about decomposition and contamination of the emulsion. Preservatives should be more fungistatics than bacteriostatic Light and rancidity affect the color and the odor of oils and may destroy their vitamin content. Freezing and thawing and high temperature result in the coarseness and breaking of an emulsion.
Creaming
Syneresis
Thixotrophy Xerogel
Inorganic hydrogels are usually two phase systems such as Aluminum Hydroxide Gel and Bentonite Magma
2.
Organic Gels are usually single phase systems and may include such as gelling agents as Carbomer and Tragacanth and those that contain an organic liquid, such Plastibase.
Organogels include the hydrocarbons, animal and vegetable fats, soap base greases and the hydrophilic organogels.
aqueous suspensions of insoluble, inorganic drugs and differ from gels mainly in that the suspended particles are larger. When prepared, they are thick and viscous, so need of a suspending agent.
Sample Product
METHYL SALICYLATE + MENTHOL ALAXAN GEL
AEROSOLS
Are pressured dosage forms containing one or more active ingredients which upon actuation emit a fine dispersion of liquid and/or solid materials in gaseous medium The term Pressurized package is commonly used when referring to the aerosol container or completed product. Pressure is applied to the aerosol system through the use of one or more liquefied or gaseous propellants.
AEROSOLS
Aerosols
used to provide an airborne mist are termed space sprays. Examples: room disinfectants, room deodorizers, and space insecticides.
Aerosols
intended to carry the active ingredient to a surface are termed Surface sprays or surface coatings.
Examples:
dermatologic aerosols, pharmaceutical aerosols, as personal deodorant sprays, cosmetic hair lacquers and sprays, perfumes and cologne sprays, shaving lathers, toothpaste, surface pesticide sprays, paint sprays and others.
Examples of Propellants 1. Carbon dioxide 2. Nitrogen 3. Nitrous oxide 4. Fluorinated Hydrocarbons: Trichloromonofluoromethane; Dichlorodifluoromethane; Dichlorotetrafluoroethane; Chlorpentafluoroethane; Monochlorodifluoroethane; Octafluorocyclobutane
The effectiveness of the aerosol depends on: 1. proper combination of formulation, 2. container 3. valve assembly. The formulation must not chemically interact with the container or valve components to avoid unstability of the formulation. The container and the valve must be capable of withstanding the pressure required by the product It must be corrosive resistant Valve must contribute to the form of the product to be emitted.
AEROSOL SYSTEMS
SPACE AEROSOLS usually operate at pressures between 30 to 40 psig (pounds per square inch gauge) at 700F and may contain as much as 85% propellant SURFACE AEROLSOLS commonly contain 30 to 70% propellant with pressures between 25 to 55 psig at 700F FOAM AEROSOLS usually operate between 35 and 55 psig at 700F and may contain only 6 to 10% propellant
AEROSOL SYSTEMS
TWO PHASE SYSTEM = comprised (1) the liquid phase propellant and product concentrate (2) the vapor phase THREE PHASE SYSTEM = comprised (1) layer of water immiscible liquid propellant, (2) layer of highly aqueous product concentrate, and (3) vapor pressure COMPRESSED GAS SYSTEM = compressed rather liquefied, gases may be used to pressure aerosols. The pressure of the compressed gas contained in the headspace of the aerosol container forces the product concentrate up the dip tube and out of the valve Examples: Nitrogen; carbon dioxide; nitrous oxide
Containers
1. Glass, uncoated or plastic coated 2. Metal, including tinplated steel, aluminum, and stainless steel 3. Plastics The selection of containers for an aerosol product is based on 1. Its adaptability to production methods 2. Compatibility with formulation components 3. Ability to sustain the pressure intended for the product 4. The interest in design and aesthetic appeal on the part of the manufacturer, and 5. Cost
VALVE ASSEMBLY
The function of the valve assembly is to permit the expulsion of the contents of the can in the desired form, at the desired rate, and, in the case of metered valve, in the proper amount or dose. The materials used in the manufacture of valves must be inert and approved by BFAD. Among the materials used in making valve parts are plastic, rubber, aluminum, and stainless steel.
Metered Dose Inhalers (MDIs) Example: Allupent. Each metered dose is delivered through the mouthpiece upon actuation of the aerosol units valve Nitrolingual spray - permits a patient to spray droplets onto or under the tongue for acute relief of an attack, or prophylaxis, of angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease. The product contains 200 doses of nitroglycerin in a propellant mixture of dichlorofluoromethane and dichlorotetrafluoroethane
Filling Operations Fluorinated hydrocarbon gases may be liquefied by cooling below their boiling points or by compressing the gas at room temperature. These 2 features are utilized in the filling of aerosol containers with propellant. Cold Filling Both the product concentrate and the propellant must be cooled to temperatures of -300 to -40 0F. This temperature is necessary to liquefy the propellant gas. The cooling system may be a mixture of dry ice and acetone. Pressure Filling The product concentrate is quantitatively placed in the aerosol container, the valve assembly is inserted and crimped into place, and liquefied gas, under pressure, is metered into the valve stem from a pressure burette.
Dip tube
Aerosols
Topical Aerosols Aerosols packages for topical use on the skin which include: Antiinfectives: Povidone - iodine, Tolnaftate and Thimerosal Adrenocortical steroids: Betamethasone and Triamcinolone Acetonide Local anesthetic: Dibucaine hydrochloride Vaginal and Rectal Aerosols Aerosols foams are commercially available containing estrogenic substances and contraceptives agents. Example: ProctoFoam - contains pramoxine hydrochloride - use to relieve inflammatory anorectal disorder
Atiasthmatic, Antiallergic Anticholinergic Sympathomimetic asthma Sympathomimetic Beta-adrenergic agonist Beta-adrenergic agonist Corticosteroids for asthma brochial
NASAL PREPARATIONS
aqueous preparations, rendered isotonic to nasal fluids (approximately equivalent to 0.9% sodium chloride) buffered to maintain drug stability while approximating the normal pH range of the nasal fluids (pH 5.5 to 6.5), and stabilized and preserved as required.
Nasalcrom Spray Ocean Mist Privine HCl Solution Syntocinon Spray Neo-Synephrine Nasalide Nasal Solution
Cromolyn Isotonic sodium chloride Naphazoline HCl Tetrahydrozoline HCl Oxymetazoline HCl Flunisolide
- allergic rhinitis restore moisture/relieve dry nasal adrenergic/decongestant adrenergic/decongestant nasal adrenergic/decongestant perennial/seasonal rhinitis
OTIC SOLUTIONS
sometimes referred to as ear or aural preparations. Preparations frequently used in the ear, with suspensions or ointments also finding some application. Usually placed in the ear canal by drops or small amounts for the removal of excessive cerumen (ear wax), or treatment of ear infections, inflammation, or pain.
Polymyxin B sulfate, antibacterial neomycin sulfate Carbamide Peroxide Ear wax remova
Polymyxin B sulfate - Antibacterial neomycin sulfate Prednisolone phosphate sodium Antiinflammatory Antibacterial Antibacterial/Antifungal
MUCILAGES
The official mucilages are thick, viscid, adhesive liquids, produced by dispersing gum in water or by extracting with water mucilagenous principle from vegetable substances. Mucilages are used primarily to aid in suspending insoluble substances in liquids due to their (1) colloidal character and (2) viscosity which prevents the immediate sedimentation
Example of Mucilage
Preparation: Acacia Mucilage NF Synonym: Mucilago Acaciae; Mucilage of Gum Arabic Formula : Acacia, in small fragments 350 g Benzoic acid 2g Purified water, q.s to make 1000 mL
Method: Place acacia in wide mouth graduated bottle with capacity not exceeding 1000 mL. Wash the drug with cold water, drain and add sufficient quantity of purified water in which benzoic acid has been dissolved to make 1000 mL, Stopper and lay the bottle, rotate occasionally, and when acacia has been dissolved, strain the mucilage Uses: Demulcent, suspending agent, excipient in making pills and troches,and as emulsifying agent for cod liver oil
Example of Mucilage
Preparation: Tragacanth Mucilage NF Synonym: Mucilago Tragacanthae Formula : Tragacanth Benzoic acid Glycerin Purified water, q.s to make 6.0 g 0.2 g 18.0 g 100 g
Method : Mix 75 mL of purified water with glycerin in a tared vessel, heat to boiling, discontinue application of heat, add Tragacanth and the Benzoic acid and macerate during 24 hours, stirring occasionally. Add sufficient quantity of purified water to make the mucilage 100 g, stir actively until uniform consistency and strain through muslin cloth Uses: excipient for pills or troches, suspending agent for insoluble substances for internal mixtures and as protective agent
INHALANTS
Are drugs or combinations of drugs that by virtue of their high vapor pressure can be carried by an air current into the nasal passage where they exert their effect. The device in which they are administered is termed an inhaler. Examples: 1. Amyl Nitrite Inhalant - treatment of anginal pain 2. Propylhexedrine Inhalant - nasal decongestant
INHALATIONS
Inhalations are drugs or solutions of drugs administered by the nasal or oral respiratory route.
A widely used instrument capable of producing fine particles for inhalation therapy is the NEBULIZERS. When volatile medication is added to the water in the chamber, the medication is volatilizes and also inhaled by the patient, HUMIDIFIERS will be used.
INHALATIONS
The
common household VAPORIZER, produces a fine mist of steam that may be used to humidify a room will be used also. ULTRASONIC HUMIDIFIERS are also available.
Examples:
Sample Products
SALBUTAMOL LIBRENTIN INHALER
LOTIONS
Also called WASHES or meaning LOTIO or LAVARE to wash. Lotions are liquid suspension or dispersion intended for external application to the skin, frequently containing suspended particles or emulsified liquid droplets. Depending therefore, whether they are solid-liquid or liquid-liquid dispersions, some lotions can also classified as suspension or emulsion.
LOTIONS
Characteristics: Since the finely powdered substances are insoluble in the dispersion medium, the use of suspending agents and dispersion agent is made. If the substance is immiscible, an emusifying agent is used. Most commonly, the vehicles of lotions are aqueous.
Dries quickly and provides a protective film that will not rub off easily. It should not run off the surface of the skin. The particles settle or rise only slowly and solid do not form a hard cake at the bottom of the vessel. The lotion should pour freely from the bottle and apply evenly over the affected area. Should have an acceptable color and odor. Must remain physically and chemically stable Free from contamination during storage
Methods Of Preparation
1. Trituration Example: Calamine lotion 2. Chemical Reaction Example: White lotion
Calamine Liniment/Lotion. Oily BPC Calamine 50 g Wool fat 10 g Oleic acid 5 mL Arachic oil 500 mL Ca(OH)2 solution to make 1000 mL Triturate the calamine with the wool fat, the arachis oil and oleic acid, previously melted together. Transfer to a suitable container, add the Ca(OH)2 solution and shake vigorously.