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adapted from http://www.labinitio.com (nz302.jpg)

Todays lecture is brought to you by the letter P.

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Announcements
There is lots of nice math in chapter 32! This lecture calls your attention to those parts of the chapter that you need to know for exams. Keep this lecture in mind when you study chapter 32. Exam 3 is two weeks from yesterday. I will need to know by next Wednesday of any students who have special needs different than for exam 2. Exam 3 will cover material through the end of todays lecture. Material presented during next weeks lectures will be covered on the final exam.

Review and Note!

These say integrate over a surface (which has an area) that encloses (and defines) some volume:

r r q encl = dA E 0

r r 0 = dA B

These say integrate over a line (which has a length) that encloses (and defines) some surface: r r ds = 0 I B r r dB ds = - dt E Sav

Note: All of these mean average: <S> Saverage Savg

Todays agenda: Electromagnetic Waves. Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves. Momentum and Radiation Pressure of an Electromagnetic Wave.

rarely in the course of human events have so many starting equations been given in so little time

We began this course by studying fields that didnt vary with timethe electric field due to static charges, and the magnetic field due to a constant current. In case you didnt noticeabout a half dozen lectures ago things started moving! We found that changing magnetic field gives rise to an electric field. Also a changing electric field gives rise to a magnetic field. These time-varying electric and magnetic fields can propagate through space.

Electromagnetic Waves
Maxwells Equations

r r q enclosed dA = o E r r d B ds = dt E

r r dA = 0 B
r r d E ds= 0 Iencl + 0 0 dt B

These four equations provide a complete description of electromagnetism.

r r E = 0 r r r dB E=dt

r r B = 0 r r r 1 dE r B= 2 + 0 J c dt

Production of Electromagnetic Waves Apply a sinusoidal voltage to an antenna. Charged particles in the antenna oscillate sinusoidally. The accelerated charges produce sinusoidally varying electric and magnetic fields, which extend throughout space. The fields do not instantaneously permeate all space, but propagate at the speed of light.
y x

direction of propagation

y x

direction of propagation

This static image doesnt show how the wave propagates. Here are a couple of animations, available on-line:

http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/index.php?topic=35 http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph11e/emwave.htm Here is a movie.

Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves, but are not mechanical waves (they need no medium to vibrate in). Therefore, electromagnetic waves can propagate in free space. At any point, the magnitudes of E and B (of the wave shown) depend only upon x and t, and not on y or z. A collection of such waves is called a plane wave.
y x

direction of propagation

Manipulation of Maxwells equations leads to the on following plane wave equations for E EquationsB:this slide are xandpropagating along for waves Ey
2

= 00

Ey (x,t)
2

direction.

t2

2Bz 2Bz (x,t) = 00 2 x t2

These equations have solutions: Ey =Emaxsin( kx- t) Bz =Bmaxsin( kx- t) where 2 k= , =2f, and
Emx and Bmx are a a the electric and magnetic field amplitudes

f = =c. k

You can verify this by direct substitution.

Emx and Bmx in these notes are sometimes written by others as E0 and B0. a a

You can also show that Ey Bz =x t

Emax k cos ( kx- t) =Bmax cos( kx- t) Emax E 1 = = =c= . Bmax B k 00 At every instant, the ratio of the magnitude of the electric field to the magnitude of the magnetic field in an electromagnetic wave equals the speed of light.

y x

direction of propagation

Emx (amplitude) a E(x,t)

Summary of Important Properties of Electromagnetic Waves The solutions of Maxwells equations are wave-like with both E and B satisfying a wave equation. Ey =Emaxsin( kx- t) Bz =Bmaxsin( kx- t) Electromagnetic waves travel through empty space with the speed of light c = 1/( 0 0).

Emx and Bmx are the electric and magnetic field a a amplitudes.

Summary of Important Properties of Electromagnetic Waves The components of the electric and magnetic fields of plane EM waves are perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. The latter property says that EM waves are transverse waves.
y x

direction of propagation

The magnitudes of E and B in empty space are related by Emax E = = =c E/B = c. Spring 2011: Bmax B k

slide 19 next

Possible Homework Hints

(may not be needed every semester)

The speed of light in a nonconducting medium other than a vacuum is less than c:1 v= ( m0 ) ( 0 ) where is the relative dielectric constant (remember it from capacitors?) and m is called the relative permeability of the medium.

1 Because c= 00
c v= . you can show that m

These equations are not on your equation sheet, but you have permission to use them for tomorrows homework (if needed): use v for the wave speed, and replace 0 by 0 and 0 by .

Possible Homework Hints

mv2 GmMearth Satellite: F = = R R2 2R v= T

(may not be needed every semester)

Solve the above to get the distance R of the satellite from the center of the earth, then subtract 6.38x106 m to get the height of the satellite above the ground.

Possible Homework Hints

(may not be needed every semester)

Gravitational force of sun: F =

GmMsun R2

Todays agenda: Electromagnetic Waves. Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves. Momentum and Radiation Pressure of an Electromagnetic Wave.

Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic waves carry energy, and as they propagate through space they can transfer energy to objects in their path. The rate of flow of energy in an electromagnetic wave is described by a vector S, called the Poynting vector.* r 1 r r S= E B 0 The magnitude S represents the rate at which energy flows through a unit surface area perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. Thus, S represents power per unit area. The direction of S is along the direction of wave propagation. The units of S are J/(sm2) =W/m2.
*J. H. Poynting, 1884.

r 1 r r S= E B 0 S c
x

r r For an EM wave E B =EB EB so S= . 0

E B
z

Because B = E/c we can write E2 cB2 S= = . 0c 0

These equations for S apply at any instant of time and represent the instantaneous rate at which energy is passing through a unit area.

EB E2 cB2 S= = = 0 0c 0 EM waves are sinusoidal.Ey =Emaxsin( kx- t) Bz =Bmaxsin( kx- t)

EM wave propagating along x-direction

The average of S over one or more cycles is called the wave intensity I. The time average of sin2(kx - t) is , so EmaxBmax E2 cB2 I =Saverage = S = = max = max 20 20c 20
Notice the 2s in this equation.

This equation is the same as 32-29 in your text, using c = 1/( 0 0).

The magnitude of S is the rate at which energy is transported by a wave across a unit area at any instant: energy power time S= = area area instantaneous instantaneous Thus, energy power time I= S = = area area average average
Note: Saverage and <S> mean the same thing!

Energy Density The energy densities (energy per unit volume) associated with electric and magnetic fields are: 1 2 uE = 0E 2 1 B2 uB = 2 0

Using B = E/c and c = 1/( 0 0) we can write 1 B2 1 c 1 00E2 1 2 uB = = = = 0E 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 1 2 1 B2 uB =uE = 0E = 2 2 0

remember: E and B are sinusoidal functions of time

( )
E

1 2 1 B2 uB =uE = 0E = 2 2 0 For an electromagnetic wave, the instantaneous energy density associated with the magnetic field equals the instantaneous energy density associated with the electric field. Hence, in a given volume the energy is equally shared by the two fields. The total energy density is equal to the sum of the energy densities associated with the electric and magnetic fields: B2 2 u=uB +uE = 0E = 0

B2 u=uB +uE = 0E2 = 0 When we average this instantaneous energy density over one or more cycles of an electromagnetic wave, we again get a factor of from the time average of sin2(kx - t). 2 2 1 2 1 Bmax 1 2 1 Bmax uE = 0Emax , uB = , and u = 0Emax = 4 4 0 2 2 0

2 2 1 Emax 1 cBmax Recall Saverage = S = = so we see that S =c u . 2 0c 2 0

The intensity of an electromagnetic wave equals the average energy density multiplied by the speed of light.

Homework Clarification Problem 32.23 also calculate the energy density due to the electric and magnetic fields this means calculate the average energy densities 1 2 uE = 0Emax , 4
2 1 Bmax uB = . 4 0

No Quiz today.

Example: a radio station on the surface of the earth radiates a sinusoidal wave with an average total power of 50 kW. Assuming the wave is radiated equally in all directions above the ground, find the amplitude of the electric and magnetic fields detected by a satellite 100 km from the antenna. All the radiated power passes Satellite through the hemispherical R surface* so the average power per unit area (the intensity) is Station P power I = = 2 area average 2R

( 5.0010 W) = 2 ( 1.00 10 m)
4 5

-7 2 =7.96 10 W m
Todays lecture is brought to you by the letter P.

*In problems like this you need to ask whether the power is radiated into all space or into just part of space.

2 1 Emax I= S = 2 0c

Satellite R Station

Emax = 2 0cI = 2( 4 10-7 ) ( 3108 ) ( 7.96 10-7 ) =2.45 10-2 V Emax Bmax = = c m

2.45 10-2 V

m =8.17 10-11 T 3 108 m s) (

Example: for the radio station in the example on the previous two slides, calculate the average energy densities associated with the electric and magnetic field. 2 1 2 1 Bmax uE = 0Emax uB = 4 4 0 1 -12 -2 2 uE = ( 8.85 10 ) ( 2.45 10 ) 4 J uE =1.33 10 m3
-15

1 ( 8.17 10 ) uB = 4 ( 4 10-7 ) J uB =1.33 10 m3

-15

-11 2

Todays agenda: Electromagnetic Waves. Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves. Momentum and Radiation Pressure of an Electromagnetic Wave.

Momentum and Radiation Pressure EM waves carry linear momentum as well as energy. When this momentum is absorbed at a surface pressure is exerted on that surface. If we assume that EM radiation is incident on an object for a time t and that the radiation is entirely absorbed by the object, then the object gains energy U in time t. Maxwell showed that the momentum incident change of the object is then: U p = (total absorption) c The direction of the momentum change of the object is in the direction of the incident radiation.
Todays lecture is brought to you by the letter P.

If instead of being totally absorbed the radiation is totally reflected by the object, and the reflection is along the incident path, then the magnitude of the momentum change of the object is twice that for total absorption.
incident reflected

2U p = c

(total reflection along incident path)

The direction of the momentum change of the object is again in the direction of the incident radiation.

Radiation Pressure The radiation pressure on the object is defined as the force per unit area: F P= A From Newtons 2 have:
n d

Law (F = dp/dt) we

F 1 dp P= = A A dt

U For total absorption, p= c dU 1 dp 1 d U 1 dt S = So P = = = A dt A dt c c A c

incident

(Equations on this slide involve magnitudes of vector quantities.)

This is the instantaneous radiation pressure in the case of total absorption: S P= c For the average radiation pressure, replace S by <S>=Savg =I: Saverage I Prad = = c c Electromagnetic waves also carry momentum through space with a momentum density of Saverage /c2=I/c2. This is not on your equation sheet but you have special permission to use it in tomorrows homework, if Todays lecture is necessary. brought to you by the
letter P.

I Prad = (total absorption) c

incident absorbed

sing the arguments above it can also be shown that: 2I Prad = c (total reflection)
incident reflected

Example: a satellite orbiting the earth has solar energy collection panels with a total area of 4.0 m2. If the suns radiation is incident perpendicular to the panels and is completely absorbed find the average solar power absorbed and the average force associated with the radiation pressure. The intensity (I or Saverage ) of sunlight prior to passing through the earths atmosphere is 1.4 kW/m2. Power =IA = 1.4 103 W 2 ( 4.0 m2 ) =5.6 103 W =5.6 kW m

Assuming total absorption of the radiation: Prad = Saverage c I ( = = c 1.4 103 W

2

F =PradA= 4.7 10-6 N 2 m

3 108 m s

m ) =4.7 10 Pa

-6

4.0 m2 ) =1.910-5 N (

Caution! The letter P (or p) has been used in this lecture for power, pressure, and momentum!
Thats because todays lecture is brought to you by the letter P.

New starting equations from this lecture: r 1 r r S= E B 0 Emax E 1 = =c= Bmax B 00 2 k = , =2f, f = =c k U 2U p = or c c
2 2 1 Emax 1 cBmax Saverage = = 2 0 c 2 0

1 2 1 B2 uB =uE = 0E = 2 2 0
2 1 2 1 Bmax u = 0Emax = 2 2 0

I 2I Prad = or c c

There are even more on your starting equation sheet; they are derived from the above!