RARP

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) associates a known MAC addresses with an IP addresses. A network device, such as a diskless workstation, might know its MAC address but not its IP address. RARP allows the device to make a request to learn its IP address. Devices using RARP require that a RARP server be present on the network to answer RARP requests

BOOTP
T h e b o o ts tra p p ro to c o l (B OOT P ) o p e ra te s i n a c l i e n t-s erver e n v i ro n m ent a n d o n l y re q u i re s a s i n g l e p ac k et e xch a n g e to o b ta i n IP i n f o rm a tion . H o we ve r, u n l i k e R A R P, B OOT P p a c k e ts c a n i n cl u de th e IP a d d re s s , a s we l l a s th e a d d re s s o f a ro u te r, th e a d d re s s o f a s e rv e r, a n d v e n d o rs p e c i fic i nfo rmatio n. On e p ro b l e m wi th B OOT P, h o we v e r, i s th a t i t wa s n o t d e s i g n ed to p ro v i d e d yn a m i c a d d re s s a s s i g n men t. W ith B OOT P, a n e two rk a d m i nis trato r c re a te s a c o n f i g urati on f ile th a t s p e c i f ies th e p a ra m e te rs f o r e a c h d e v i c e . T h e a d m i n istra to r m u s t a d d h o s ts a n d m a i n ta in th e B OOT P d a ta b a s e . E v e n th o u g h th e a d d re s s e s a re d yn a m i c a l ly a s s i g n ed , th e re i s s ti l l a o n e to o n e re l a ti o n s hip b e twe e n th e n u m b e r o f IP a d d re s s e s a n d th e n u m b e r o f h o s ts . T h i s m e a n s th a t f o r e ve ry h o s t o n th e n e two rk th e re m u s t b e a B OOT P p ro f i le wi th a n IP a d d re s s a ss i g n m ent i n i t. N o two p ro f i l e s c a n h a v e th e s a m e IP a d d re ss

DHCP
D yn a m i c h o s t c o n f i g u r a ti o n p r o t o c o l ( D H C P ) i s t h e s u c c e s s or t o B O O T P. U n l i k e B O O T P, D H C P a l l o ws a h o s t t o o b t a i n a n IP a d d r e s s d yn a m i c a l l y wi t h o u t t h e n n e t wo r k a d m i n i s t r at or h a v i n g t o s e t u p a n i n d i v i d ual p r o f i l e for each device. A l l t h a t i s r e q u i r e d wh e n u s i n g D H C P i s a d e f i n e d r a n g e o f IP a d d r e s s e s o n a D H C P s e r v e r. A s h o s t s c o m e o n l i n e , t h e y c o n t a c t t h e DHCP server and request an address. The DHCP server chooses an address and leases it to that host. W i th D H C P, t h e e n t i r e n e t wo r k c o n f i g u r at i o n o f a c o m p u t e r c a n b e o b t a i n ed i n o n e m e s s a g e . T h i s i n c l u d e s a l l o f t h e d a t a s u p p l i ed b y t h e B O O T P m e s s a g e , p l u s a l e a s e d IP a d d r e s s a n d a s u b n e t m a s k . T h e m a j o r a d v a n t a g e t h a t D H C P h a s o v e r B O O T P i s t h a t i t a l l o ws u s e r s to be mobile

ROUTER DEFINITION
Router is an internetworking component or a device that connects networks which are at different geographical locations.

 Routers

Modular

Fixed

M odular Routers: These type of routers have up gradable slots, and the num ber of ports can be increased just by adding cards in the slots. Fixed Routers: These types of router shave fixed num ber of ports.

INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS
Arouter is a special type of computer. It has the same basic components as a standard desktop PC. However, routers are designed to perform some very specific functions. Just as computers need operating systems to run software applications, routers need the Internetwork Operating System software (IOS) to run configuration files. These configuration files contain the instructions and parameters that control the flow of traffic in and out of the routers. The many parts of a router are shown below:

FIXED INTERFACES
When cabling routers for serial connectivity, the routers will either have fixedor modular ports. The type of port being used will affect the syntax used laterto configure each interface. Interfaces on routers with fixed serial ports arelabeled for port type and port number

RAM
Random access Memory, also called dynamic RAM (DRAM) RAM has the following characteristics and functions: 1. Stores routing tables 2. Holds ARP cache 3. Holds fast-switching cache 4. Performs packet buffering (shared RAM) 5. Maintains packet-hold queues 6. Provides temporary memory for the configuration file of the router while the router is powered on 7. Loses content when router is powered down or restarted

NVRAM
Non-Volatile RAM NVRAM has the following characteristicsand functions: 1. Provides storage for the startupconfiguration file 2. Retains content when router ispowered down or restarted

FLASH
Flash memory has the following characteristics and functions: 1. Holds the operating system image (IOS) 2. Allows software to be updated without removing and replacing chips on the processor 3. Retains content when router is powered downor restarted 4. Can store multiple versions of IOS software Is a type of electronically erasable, programmable ROM(EEPROM)

ROM
Read-Only Memory ROM has the following characteristics and functions: 1. Maintains instructions for power-on self test(POST) diagnostics 2. Stores bootstrap program and basic operating system software 3. Requires replacing pluggable chips on the motherboard for software upgrades

INTERFACES
Interfaces have the following characteristics and functions: Connect router to network for fram e entry and exit Can be on the m otherboard or on a separate m odule Types of interfaces: 1. Ethernet 2. Fast Ethernet 3. Serial 4. Token ring 5. ISDN BRI 6. Loopback 7. Console 8. Aux

ROUTERS & DSL CONNECTIONS

The Cisco 827 ADSL router has one asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) interface. To connect a router for DSL service, use a phone cable with RJ-11 connectors. DSL works over standard telephone lines using pins 3 and 4 on a standard RJ-11 connector